TRANSLATIONS

TRANSLATIONS

It is somewhat embarrasing and inconvenient to have labelled GD47 as tôa (sugarcane), when evidence points to Metoro's word 'toa' having meant to'a (warrior).

In an effort to evaluate whether GD47 really should be named tôa or not, I have investigated the occurence of different words used by Metoro in connection with GD47 glyphs. I present the results in extenso:


Ba2-9	Ba2-35	Ba5-12	Ba5-13	Ba5-21	Ba8-35	Ba10-27
ki te tagata hakanaganagana - koia kua mau i te tapa mea	ki te ariki - kua tere ko te heu ia	i ruga - o to toa	eko te manu kua oho ki te toa	kua hua ia ki te mea ke (includes Ba5-22)	kua tuu ïa ki te iriga o te rau hei	ko koe - e kua hatu ko to toa

Bb3-34	Bb3-36	Bb3-43	Bb5-12	Bb5-16	Bb5-19	Bb5-26
ki te hipu	gutu huri - e toa* maro* (includes Bb3-35)	kua here te toa* - i ruga o to maro*	mai tupu ona poporo	kua vero* hia ia*	kua oho ia - ki tona maro	mai tae oho te tagata - ki to maro - e tagata ui ki to maitaki (includes Bb5-27)

Bb5-34	Bb5-39	Bb6-3	Bb6-6	Bb6-23	Bb6-27	Bb6-29
e tagata oho e - ki te mea huki ka huki - te maro	kua vero* te tagata*	kua tu ko te hei	ki to maro - koia kua huki	mai tae tupu te poporo	ihe vero* hia*	ki te tagata mau - i to maro - e tagata mau huki - kua oho te tagata (includes Bb6-30)

Bb7-4	Bb7-17	Bb7-24	Bb7-32	Bb7-37	Bb9-17	Bb9-34
ki te maro - ku hokohuki* ia - ki te tagata*	ka mau i te maro mai tae hokohuki	i to maro - ku vero* - kia ia*	i to huki - o to maro	i to huki o to maro	mai i haga ia - koia - hakahumu i te vai - kia ki tata (refers to Bb9-17--20)	ki te hokohuki
						*to'a* = 5 / 34
Bb9-48	Bb10-25	Bb11-42	Bb12-23	Bb12-25	Bb12-38
eaha te manu iti pepepepe - mau i te hokohuki	ki te manu vaero rua ma te hokohuki (includes Bb10-24)	ko te tagata - vero - i to ia - kua vero* - i to ia - eaha te ika hiku raverave* (refers to Bb11-41--Bb12-1)	erua hokohuki* mau a ana*	ka tupu te pua	ku hukia koia

					*to'a* = 0 / 5
Ab3-18	Ab4-37	Ab4-44	Ab4-45	Ab4-46
e hetu kaha ia - kua mau i te maro	ko te tagata hakaaganagana	ki te henua	e taha te manu	kake ki te henua (includes Ab4-47)

Aa1-26	Aa1-30	Aa1-37	Aa1-38	Aa1-39	Aa1-40	Aa1-41
ko te ahi - hakaturou	ki te ahi	e ia toa* tauuru - ehu*	e ia toa* tauuru - ehu*	e ia toa* tauuru - no te uru nuku*	e ia toa* tauuru*	e tauru papagete
					*to'a* = 7 / 12
Aa1-42	Aa1-44	Aa1-46	Aa1-47	Aa1-48
e ia toa* tauuruuru raaraa* (includes Aa1-43)	e ia toa* tauuru*	e ia toa* tauuru - ma te hokohuki - e ika no te tagata*	ma te tauuru ki te ragi	e tauuru no te henua


Ca1-22	Ca3-21	Ca12-26	Ca14-207	Ca14-208	Cb2-17	Cb2-19
manu rere	tagata tuu rima ki ruga	oho te rima o te niu	o te henua - kua haga hia	kua pua	manu rere - toga	toga
				*to'a* = 0 / 11
Cb2-20	Cb4-13	Cb4-14	Cb5-8
ka tuu te toga o te manu	manu pao i te hau tea - kua tu	manu rere ki te hau tea - kua tu	te hoko huki

					*to'a* = 0 / 5
Ea3-24	Ea8-107	Eb6-31	Eb6-33	Eb7-8
toki i te henua ku tutu raua (includes Ea3-23)	ko raua ku tutu i te henua	kua huki - te manu	kua huki - te manu	ko raua ka tutu

text

GD47

to'a at GD47

other to'a *

sum

*
	Ba7-43	Ba9-3	Ba9-14	Ba9-20	Ba9-22	Ba9-23
	e rei kua tupu ki te toa	kua hati ïa i to toa* - i rapue*	kua tupu ko to toa	ki to toa ko to toa	kua tupu te toa	ko te manu - kua haga ia ki te toa
				*All these glyphs belong to GD64 (rau* hei).**
	Ba9-27	Bb3-16	Bb3-18
	i te toa* e*	ki to toa	ko te toa

As can be seen toa was not often used, and only in B and A. Therefore I have red-marked also vero and hokohuki, they are words used sometimes too. However, these two words occur frequently also at other glyph types, which is made clear in this table:

Total number in:	B	A	C	E	sum	at GD47	%
to'a	14	7	-	-	21	12	57
*vero*	17	18	11	2	48	5	10
*hoko-huki*	22	16	43	46	127	8	6
sum	53	41	54	48	196	25	13

To'a (as I have transcribed toa) at GD47 has 12 (or 57 %) of the total number (21) of occurences in the four tablets, while vero has only 10 % and hoko-huki only 6 %. Obviously neither vero nor hoko-huki can be good labels for GD47.

All toa which do not appear at GD47 are located together with GD64 (which I have labelled rau hei). Rau hei is explained by Jaussen as meaning 'branch of mimosa', a symbol for a killed enemy:

Rau, ra'u

Rau 1. (Also: raupá) leaf of a plant, stem and leaves. 2. Hundred: e tahi te rau, e rua te rau, etc., 100, 200... Also seems to have been used in the meaning of 'many'. Tu'u henua rau, someone who has travelled to many countries (such were called in the 19th century natives who had travelled abroad, employed as sailors). Compare with: tai raurau-á riki. Vanaga.

Rau hei. 1. Branch of mimosa. 2. Killed enemy. 3. Hanged 'fish'. 'Branche du mimosa (signe de mort), ennemie túe (poisson suspendu)' according to Jaussen. Barthel.

Ra'u 1. To take something without the owner's permission; to seize something forcibly. 2. Ra'u maahu, ancient expression, literally: to appropriate the steam (maahu) of the food just taken out of an earth oven. It refers to intruders coming to help themselves uninvited. Warriors off to a battle used to be told: E ra'u maahu no koe, o pagaha'a! meaning: 'Eat little, lest you be heavy (and lose your agility).' Vanaga.

1. Sa.: la'u, to clear off, to carry away; la'u mai, to bring. Uvea: laku, to send, to throw into. Ha.: laulau, a bundle, a bag; a wrapper of a bundle, the netting in which food is carried; lalau, to seize, to catch hold of. 2. To.: lau, lalau, lauji, to pinch with the fingers, to nip. Ha.: lau, to feel after a thing; lalau, to extend (as the hand), to seize, to catch hold of. 3. Sa.: lau, a leaf; lalau, to be in leaf; laulau, a food tray plaited from a coconut leaf, to set out food on such a tray or on a table. To.: lau, lou, a leaf; laulau, a tray. Fu., Uvea, Nuguria: lau, a leaf. Niuē: lau, a leaf; laulau, a table. Ha.: lau, a leaf; laulau, the netting in which food is carried. Ma., Ta., Rarotonga, Rapanui, Paumotu, Nukuoro, Fotuna: rau, a leaf. Mgv.: rau, rou, id. Mq.: au, ou, id. Churchill 2.

Hei

1. Headband made of mahute and embellished with bird feathers. 2. Exclamation: hey! hullo! Hei pa'a, sterile woman. Hei para, 'ripening', this term refers to the time when such plants as the banana or sweet potato lose their fresh green colour and become yellow, which is taken as a symbol of bad omen or of death in the family. Vanaga.

Garland. P Mq.: hei, garland, necklace, chaplet, flower ornament. Ta.: hei, garland, chaplet, to entwine. Churchill.

We can understand why Metoro sometimes said toa (i.e. presumably to'a) at GD64, indeed the victim hanging upside down is a vivid image. The use of GD64 in the night (in H/P/Q) is reasonable - it is 'good night' for the vanquished enemies.

The connection between GD64 and rau hei is demonstrated below:


Ab2-54	Ab4-26	Ab5-69	Ab8-25	Aa5-59	Aa5-66	Aa6-14
e kape tuu ia	ka tupu te poporo	ka hora te poporo ka maraga te poporo	ka tanu ki te tau moko	ka puhi ki te ahi - e ahi - mo to vahi (refers to Aa5-58--60)	i te ahi - ko te ahi - mo to ahi (refers to Aa5-65--67)	toona kana
	*rau hei* = 0 / 8
Aa8-3
ki te vaero


Ca4-4	Ca4-6	Ca4-9	Ca12-19	Ca14-220	Cb6-10	Cb6-12
tagata - te rau hei	te rau hei	te rau hei	koia ra kua haga hia	manu kake rua	kua tu te rau hei	tu te rau hei

Cb6-17	Cb6-25	Cb7-3	Cb7-5	Cb7-13	Cb7-17	Cb7-20
te rau hei	tu te ika	te rau hei	te rau hei	te rau hei	te rau hei	te rau hei
	*rau hei* = 13 / 15
Cb10-15
te matagi ma te rau hei

text	GD64	rau hei at GD64	other rau hei
B	19	-	-
A	8	-	-
C	15	13	-
E	-	-	-
sum	42	13	-

We can see how Metoro at first, in his readings, said toa, and not until Mamari did he change to rau hei. Presumably to'a and rau hei expressed the same ideas. Unquestionably, if I should use rau hei as a label for some GD it must be at GD64. Equally clear is that no other label is possible for GD64 (if I want to use the words of Metoro) - toa is already occupied by GD47. We must furthermore take notice of the fact that when reading Aruku Kurenga he used words which we recognize from the GD47 glyphs in the night:


Ba3-31	Ba7-8	Ba9-16	Bb3-10	Bb3-12
ki te tauuru* ko te tagata kua oho* (includes Ba3-32)	e ka ati mai koe i to tauuru	e kua tupu i te tauuru	mai tae tuki to tauuru	te uru papageti


Aa1-37	Aa1-38	Aa1-39	Aa1-40	Aa1-41	Aa1-42
e ia toa tauuru* - ehu*	e ia toa tauuru* - ehu*	e ia toa tauuru* - no te uru nuku*	e ia toa tauuru	e tauru papagete	e ia toa tauuruuru

Aa1-43	Aa1-44	Aa1-45	Aa1-46	Aa1-47	Aa1-48
raaraa	e ia toa tauuru	i te fenua - e ia toa tauuru* - ma te hokohuki - e ika no te tagata*		ma te tauuru* ki te ragi*	e tauuru* no te henua*

In order to get all the evidence regarding tauuru and papagete available I will here list the rest of the glyphs which may be of interest:

*Additional glyphs where the word tau* appears:**
				Tau moko appears five times.
Ba8-43	Bb5-3	Bb10-33
ki te tagata - tanu ki te tau* moko*	mai tae tanu hia te tau* moko*	koia ra ko te hiro ma te nuki - kua tau* te ragi i ruga*

Ab1-52	Ab1-53	Ab1-54	Ab3-42	Ab4-30	Ab4-31	Ab4-32
ko te manu - kua tau* - ihe hatu hoi - e ravarava*			tau tara hua ia	mai marae hea tau* - aoai - hakatuu ai - mai hiva - mai marae hea tau ua i hao ai te maro*
						tau at GD45 are not listed any further
Ab4-41	Ab5-5	Ab5-12	Ab5-15	Ab6-30	Ab6-41
ki te rei tau* - ma te nuku rei*	ka tau* avaga*	ihe ihe tau	ihe vai tau	ko te manu tau	i vai tau* ihe*

Ab8-7	Ab8-25	Aa2-81	Aa2-82	Aa2-83	Aa3-24	Aa4-25
kua tau* i te hetu e ku pipiri*	ka tanu ki te tau* moko*	kua rere ia - kua hiri ia kua tau* ia*			kia rere te manu - tau* i te Rei*	ki te tau* maka*
						no glyphs in C to list
Aa6-29	Aa6-39	Aa6-40	Aa8-35	Aa8-48	Aa8-50
tau ragi	a tau* avaga*		e tau* vero hia - ki te Rei - ki te toki kua rere te toki ki te henua*	tanu hia e te tau* moko o tona pure*	te tanuga o te tau* moko o tona pure*
				Rei and tau appear together four times.
Ea9-36	Eb2-5	Eb2-6	Eb2-10
vage Rei tau	te henua - tau* rakau - no ana ra tau hiva*		koira taua

Additional glyphs where the word hei appears:

Bb6-3

kua tu ko te hei