TRANSLATIONS
Tagaroa Uri (possibly 'Green Tangaroa') is
located in spring:
...
Barthel has given us the following data:
Vaitu Nui
(April) |
1-2 |
Hora Iti
(August) |
9-10 |
Koro
(December) |
17-18 |
Vaitu Potu
(May) |
3-4 |
Hora Nui
(September) |
11-12 |
Tuaharo
(January) |
19-20 |
Maro
(June) |
5-6 |
Tangaroa Uri
(October) |
13-14 |
Tehetu'upu
(February) |
21-22 |
Anakena
(July) |
7-8 |
Ruti
(November) |
15-16 |
Tarahau
(March) |
23-24 |
The twelve
Rapanui months are divided into
half-months according to the numbers, which
refer to the order established by the voyage
of the dream soul:
1 |
Nga Kope Ririva Tutuu Vai A Te
Taanga |
9 |
Hua Reva |
17 |
Pua Katiki |
2 |
Te Pu Mahore |
10 |
Akahanga |
18 |
Maunga Teatea |
3 |
Te Poko Uri |
11 |
Hatinga Te Kohe |
19 |
Mahatua |
4 |
Te Manavai |
12 |
Roto Iri Are |
20 |
Taharoa |
5 |
Te Kioe Uri |
13 |
Tama |
21 |
Hanga Hoonu |
6 |
Te Piringa Aniva |
14 |
One Tea |
22 |
Rangi Meamea |
7 |
Te Pei |
15 |
Hanga Takaure |
23 |
Peke Tau O Hiti |
8 |
Te Pou |
16 |
Poike |
24 |
Mauga Hau Epa |
... The
triple division of the Marquesan year yields
the segments August-November,
December-March, and April-July ...
... The months were also personified by the
Marquesans who claimed, as did the
Moriori, that they were descendants of
the Sky-father. Vatea, the Marquesan
Sky-parent, became the father of the
twelve months by three wives among whom
they were evenly divided ...
... A curious diversion appears in the month
list of the people of Porapora and
Moorea in the Society Islands, which
sheds light on the custom of the Moriori
who sometimes placed 24 figures in the canoe
which they dispatched seaward to the god
Rongo on new years day. The names of
the wives of the months are included,
indicating that other Polynesians besides
the Chatham Islanders personified the months
... |
As tangaroa.a oto
uta is the 2nd king on the list (of the year),
ko oto uta must be the New Year King. His
'dream stations' are nos. 11-12, i.e. Hatinga Te
Kohe and Roto Iri Are.
The Old
Year King has nos. 9-10 and according to my
interpretation of the beginning of side a in
Tahua he is characterized as 'dying':
|
|
Aa1-11 |
Aa1-12 |
ihe
kuukuu ma te maro |
ki
te henua |
Kuukuu (resembling the 'flute' of the 'cuckoo
bird') presumably should be contrasted with
Kiukiu (the 'squeeking rat', Oto Uta).
Also his neck was broken, though later in the year
according to Manuscript E:
.. On the thirtieth day of the month of
October ('Tangaroa Uri'), Hotu
asked about the stone figure (moai
maea) named Oto Uta. Hotu
said to Teke, 'Where is the
figure Ota Uta (corrected in the
manuscript for Hina Riru)?
Teke
thought about the question and then said
to Hotu, 'It was left out in the
bay.'
...
The canoe of Pure O left on the
fifth day of the month of November ('Ruti').
After the canoe of Pure O had
sailed and had anchored out in the bay,
in Hanga Moria One, Pure
saw the figure, which had been lying
there all this time, and said to his
younger brothers (ngaio taina),
'Let's go my friends (hoa), let
us break the neck of this mean one (or,
ugly one, rakerake). Why should
we return to that fragment of earth (te
pito o te kainga, i.e., Easter
Island)? Let us stay in our (home)land!
... After the neck of Oto Uta had
been broken, Kuihi and Kuaha
arrived. They picked up the neck of King
Oto Uta, took it, and brought it
with them. They
arrived out in the bay, in Hanga Rau.
(There) Kuihi and Kuaha
left (the fragment). After the neck of
Oto Uta had been brought on land,
out in the bay of Hanga Rau, the
wind, the rain, the waves, and the
thunder subsided. Kuihi and
Kuaha arrived and told the king the
following: 'King Oto Uta is out
in the bay of Hanga Rau'. Hotu
said to his servant (tuura)
Moa Kehu, 'Go down to king Oto
Uta and take him up out of the bay
of Hanga Rau!' |
Hanga Rau
is the place where new life begins:
'... When Hotu's canoe had
reached Taharoa, the vaginal
fluid (of Hotu's pregnant wife)
appeared. They sailed toward Hanga
Hoonu, where the mucus (kovare
seems to refer to the amniotic sac in
this case) appeared. They sailed on and
came to Rangi Meamea, where the
amniotic fluid ran out and the
contractions began. They anchored the
canoe in the front part of the bay, in
Hanga Rau. The canoe of Ava
Rei Pua also arrived and anchored.
After Hotu's canoe had anchored,
the child of Vakai and Hotu
appeared. It was Tuu Maheke, son
of Hotu, a boy. After the canoe
of Ava Rei Pua had also arrived
and anchored, the child of Ava Rei
Pua was born. It was a girl named
Ava Rei Pua Poki ...' |
It
seems that the neck of the statue of King Oto Uta
was broken at summer solstice (late in November,
Ruti). If so, then
the event takes place at dream stations nos. 15-16 (Hanga
Takaure and Poike)
The breaking of the
neck is equivalent, I think, to breaking the power.
We remember Katinga Te Kohe (no. 11) at which
the dream soul of Hau Maka broke the 'kohe'
with her feet.
...
The
name 'Breaking of the kohe plant', which is
used in the same or nearly the same form in all of
the tradition, must refer to a special event.
*Kofe is the name for bamboo on most Polynesian
islands, but today on Easter Island kohe is
the name of a fern that grows near the beach ...
She broke the 'bamboo'
staff (old year ruler), to clear the way for Oto
Uta. Both at winter solstice and at summer solstice
the old rulership must be broken.
Once again 'From Honey to Ashes' has valuable
information to offer:
"... Information is unfortunately
lacking about the significance of the wabu
and their function in the ritual. But their physical
resemblance to the hetsiwa is all the more
striking since there are two kinds of wabu,
one large, one small, and since Krause ...
illustrates two types of Karaja ritual
instruments made of sticks fixed together,
In the present state of knowledge,
the theory according to which the hetsiwa and
the wabu represent, as it were, immobilized
clappers, must be put forward with extreme prudence.
Yet the existence of similar
conceptions among the ancient Egyptians gives it a
certain credibility. I am well aware that Plutarch's
evidence is often suspect. I therefore make no claim
to be restating authentic beliefs since, as far as I
am concerned, it is of scant importance whether the
imagery to which I am about to refer originated
among reliable Egyptian sages, among a handful of
Plutarch's informants, or in Plutarch's own mind.
In my view, the only point worthy of
attention is that, after I had noted on several
occasions that the intellectual processes evidenced
in Plutarch's work presented a curious similarity to
those I was deducing from South American myths, and
that, consequently, in spite of the time gap and
geographical distance, I had to admit that in both
instances human minds had worked in the same way, a
new convergence should emerge in connection with a
hypothesis I would not have dared to put forward,
had it not made the comparison justifieable. Here
then is Plutarch's text:
Moreover, Manethus says that the
Egyptians have a mythical tradition in regard to
Jupiter, that because his legs were grown together
he was not able to walk and so for shame tarried in
the wilderness; but Isis, by severing and separating
those parts of his body, provided him with means of
rapid progress.
This fable teaches by its legend that
the mind and reason of the god, fixed amid the
unseen and invisible, advanced to generation by
reason of motion.
The sistrum, a metallic rattle, also
makes it clear that all things in existence need to
be shaken, or rattled about, and never to cease from
motion but, as it were, to be waked up and agitated
when they grow drowsy and torpid.
They say that they avert and repel
Typhon by means of the sistrum, indicating thereby
that when destruction constricts and checks Nature,
generation releases and arouses it by means of
motion (Plutarch's Moralia. Isis and Osiris,
376).
Is it not extraordinary that the
Karaja, whose magical practices and the problems
they raise have led us to Plutarch, should have
evolved a story completely symmetrical with his?
They say that Kanaschiwué,
their demiurge, had to have his arms and legs tied
to prevent him from destroying the earth by floods
and other disasters, as he would have done had his
movements been unrestricted (Baldus 5, p. 29).17
17 In the same way, it
would also be appropriate to re-examine the famous
episode of Aristeus (Virgil, Georgics, IV) in
which Proteus (who corresponds to Plutarch's Typhon)
has to be bound hand and foot during the dry season:
'Iam rapidus torrens sitientis Sirius Indos',
in order to make him consent to show the shepherd
how to find honey again, after it had been lost as a
result of the disappearance of Eurydice, the
mistress, if not of honey like the heroine of M233-M234,
undeniably mistress of the honeymoon! Eurydice, who
is swallowed by a monstous sea-serpent (ibid.,
v. 459), is an inversion of the heroine of M326a
who was born from a sea-serpent and who rejected a
honeymoon, in the days when animals had the gift of
speech, and therefore would not have had any use for
an Orpheus.
In spite
of its obscurity, the Greek text introduces a clear
contrast between, on the one hand silence and
immobility symbolized by two limbs normally separate
yet welded together, and on the other movement and
noise, symbolized by the sistrum.
As in
South America, unlike the first term, only the
second term is a musical instrument. As in South
America also, this musical instrument (or its
opposite) is used to 'divert or drive away' a
natural force (or it is used to attract it for
criminal purposes): in one instance, it is Typhon,
that is, Seth; in the other, the tapir or snake as
seducers, the snake-rainbow associated with rain,
rain itself or the chthonian spirits." (From Honey
to Ashes)
Hercules too was tied
up and killed at the time of summer solstice, we
remember:
... Hercules first appears in legend as
a pastoral sacred king and, perhaps
because shepherds welcome the birth of
twin lambs, is a twin himself.
His characteristics and history can be
deduced from a mass of legends,
folk-customs and megalithic monuments.
He is the rain-maker of his tribe and a
sort of human thunder-storm. Legends
connect him with Libya and the Atlas
Mountains; he may well have originated
thereabouts in Palaeolithic times. The
priests of Egyptian Thebes, who called
him 'Shu', dated his origin as '17,000
years before the reign of King Amasis'.
He carries an oak-club, because the oak
provides his beasts and his people with
mast and because it attracts lightning
more than any other tree. His symbols
are the acorn; the rock-dove, which
nests in oaks as well as in clefts of
rocks; the mistletoe, or Loranthus;
and the serpent. All these are sexual
emblems.
The dove was sacred to the Love-goddess
of Greece and Syria; the serpent was the
most ancient of phallic totem-beasts;
the cupped acorn stood for the glans
penis in both Greek and Latin; the
mistletoe was an all-heal and its names
viscus (Latin) and ixias
(Greek) are connected with vis
and ischus (strength) - probably
because of the spermal viscosity of its
berries, sperm being the vehicle of
life.
This Hercules is male leader of all
orgiastic rites and has twelve archer
companions, including his spear-armed
twin, who is his tanist or
deputy. He performs an annual green-wood
marriage with a queen of the woods, a
sort of Maid Marian. He is a mighty
hunter and makes rain, when it is
needed, by rattling an oak-club
thunderously in a hollow oak and
stirring a pool with an oak branch -
alternatively, by rattling pebbles
inside a sacred colocinth-gourd or,
later, by rolling black meteoric stones
inside a wooden chest - and so
attracting thunderstorms by sympathetic
magic ... |
... The manner of his death can be
reconstructed from a variety of legends,
folk-customs and other religious
survivals. At mid-summer, at the end of
a half-year reign, Hercules is made
drunk with mead and led into the middle
of a circle of twelve stones arranged
around an oak, in front of which stands
an altar-stone; the oak has been lopped
until it is T-shaped. He is bound to it
with willow thongs in the 'five-fold
bond' which joins wrists, neck, and
ankles together, beaten by his comrades
till he faints, then flayed, blinded,
castrated, impaled with a mistletoe
stake, and finally hacked into joints on
the altar-stone. His blood is caught in
a basin and used for sprinkling the
whole tribe to make them vigorous and
fruitful. The joints are roasted at twin
fires of oak-loppings, kindled with
sacred fire preserved from a
lightning-blasted oak or made by
twirling an alder- or cornel-wood
fire-drill in an oak log.
The trunk is then uprooted and split
into faggots which are added to the
flames. The twelve merry-men rush in a
wild figure-of-eight dance around the
fires, singing ecstatically and tearing
at the flesh with their teeth. The
bloody remains are burnt in the fire,
all except the genitals and the head.
These are put into an alder-wood boat
and floated down the river to an islet;
though the head is sometimes cured with
smoke and preserved for oracular use.
His tanist succeeds him and reigns for
the remainder of the year, when he is
sacrificially killed by a new Hercules
... |
We
understand more and more of the myths. I guess
the Easter Island version of 'Typhon' /
'Hercules' etc may be the spring god Tagaroa
Uri (who causes the greenery to spread out
and life to grow). Though it is surely King
Oto Uta who is the generator, who wins the
battle against the old year. Let us quickly
recapitulate the story on Hawaii:
...
Power reveals and defines itself as the
rupture of the people's own moral order,
precisely as the greatest of crimes
against kinship: fraticide, parricide,
the union of mother and son, father and
daughter, or brother and sister ...
...
power is not represented here as an
intrinsic social condition. It is
usurpation, in the double sense of a
forceful seizure of sovereignity and a
sovereign denial of the prevailing moral
order. Rather than a normal succession,
usurpation itself is the principle of
legitimacy. Hocart shows that the
coronation rituals of the king or
paramount chief celebrate a victory over
his predecessor. If he has not actually
sacrificed the late ruler, the heir to
the Hawaiian kingship, or some one of
his henchmen, is suspected of having
poisoned him.
There
follows the scene of ritual chaos...
when the world dissolves or is in
significant respects inverted, until the
new king returns to reinstate the tabus,
i.e., the social order. Such mythical
exploits and social disruptions are
common to the beginnings of dynasties
and to successive investitures of divine
kings.
We can
summarily interpret the significance
something like this: to be able to put
the society in order, the kin must first
reproduce an original disorder. Having
committed the monstrous acts against
society, proving he is stronger than it,
the ruler proceeds to bring system out
of chaos. Recapitulating the initial
constitution of social life, the
accession of the king is thus a
recreation of the universe. The king
makes his advent as a god. The symbolism
of the installation rituals is
cosmological ...
...
The rationalization of power is not at
issue so much as the representation of a
general scheme of social life: a total
'structure of reproduction', including
the complementary and antithetical
relations between king and people, god
and man, male and female, foreign and
native, war and peace, heavens and earth
... |
...
The divine first appears abstractly, as
generative-spirit-in-itself. Only after
seven epochs of the po, the long
night of the world's self-generation,
are the gods as such born - as siblings
to mankind. God and man appear together,
and in fraternal strife over the means
of their reproduction: their own older
sister.
Begun
in the eighth epoch of creation, this
struggle makes the transition to the
succeeding ages of the ao, the
'day' or world known to man. Indeed the
struggle is presented as the condition
of the possibility of human life in a
world in which the life-giving powers
are divine. The end of the eighth chant
thus celebrates a victory: 'Man spread
about now, man was here now; / It was
day [ao].'
And
this victory gained over the god is
again analogous to the triumph achieved
annually over Lono at the New
Year, which effects the seasonal
transition, as Hawaiians note, from the
time of long nights (po) to the
time of long days (ao). The older
sister of god and man, La'ila'i,
is the firstborn to all the eras of
previous creation. By Hawaiian theory,
as firstborn La'ila'i is the
legitimate heir to creation; while as
woman she is uniquely able to transform
divine into human life.
The
issue in her brothers' struggle to
possess her is accordingly cosmological
in scope and political in form.
Described in certain genealogies as
twins, the first two brothers are named
simply in the chant as 'Ki'i, a
man' and 'Kane, a god'. But since
Ki'i means 'image' and Kane
means 'man', everything has already been
said: the statuses of god and man are
reversed by La'ila'i's actions.
She 'sits sideways', meaning she takes a
second husband, Ki'i, and her
children by the man Ki'i are born
before her children by the god Kane...
...
In the succeeding generations, the
victory of the human line is secured by
the repeated marriages of the sons of
men to the daughters of gods, to the
extent that the descent of the divine
Kane is totally absorbed by the
heirs of Ki'i ... |
Jupiter 'tarried in the wilderness' because his
'legs were grown together', just as the statue
of Oto Uta was left behind. The 'legs' in
question we saw already in the statue of
Pachamama:
... Notice that the
right leg (left as seen from the
statue) is 'summer' and the left leg
'winter'. In ancient times they
could manage with two seasons. And
right step first is a rule north of
the equator only. The word 'summer'
is related to the Sanskrit word 'sáma'
= half-year ... |
Let us
now return to Hawaii and what Sahlins describes
in his Islands of History:
"... In
the Saturnalia, the Lupercalia, their carnival
successors and analogous annual festivals of
traditional kingdoms elsewhere, a further
permutation of the original structure appears. At
this time of cosmic and social rebirth, celeritas
and gravitas exchange places: the people
become the party of disorder, and the celebration of
their community is a so-called ritual of rebellion."
celerity ... swiftness ... L. celeritās
... prob. rel. to Gr. kéllein drive, kélēs
runner ... (English Etymology)
Kings move
slowly, while their servants should run. Remember
Aa1-3--4:
"... At
the Hawaiian annual [annular, annullation] ceremony
of this type, the Makahiki ('Year), the lost
god cum legendary king returns to take possession of
the land.
Circulating the island to collect the offerings of
the people, he leaves in his train scenes of mock
battle and popular celebration.
At the
end of the god's progress, the Hawaiians perform a
version of the Fijian installation ceremonies. The
reigning king comes in from the sea to be met by
attendants of the returned popular god hurling
spears, one of which is caused to symbolically reach
its mark.
Thus
killed by the god, the king enters the temple to
sacrifice to him and welcome him to 'the land of
us-two'.
Yet the
death of the king is also the moment of his
reascension, and in the end it is the god who is
sacrificed. Just as the povisional king of carnival
must eventually suffer execution, the image of the
returned god is soon after dismantled, bound, and
hidden away - a rite watched over by the ceremonial
double (or human god) of the king, one of whose
titles is 'Death is Near'.
Thereupon, the real usurper, the constituted king,
resumes his normal business of human sacrifice."
The mock battle with
clappers, upheaval, turning everything upside down (to
induce the sun return from his 'sleep' in
the middle of the 'water') could be symbolized with
two wooden 'limbs' crossed as in GD76 (hahe):
Hahe
Hahehahe. To
congregate, to gather (of people,
animals, things). Hahei, to
encircle, to surround. Ku hahei á te
tagata i ruga i te umu, he vari, the
people have placed themselves around the
oven, forming a circle. Ana ká i te
umu, he hahei hai rito i raro, when
you cook food (lit.: light the oven) you
cover it all around with banana leaves
at the bottom. Vanaga.
M.
Whawhe,
to come or go round. Cf. hawhe,
to go or come round; awhe, to
pass round or behind; takaawhe,
circuitous. 2. To put round. 3. To be
blown away by the wind. Te aute tč
whawhea - Prov. 4. To grasp, to
seize. Cf. wha, to lay hold of;
to handle. 5. To save, as a defeated
person on a battle-field. Text Centre. |
The executive
on earth, i.e. the king (GD63, ariki), must
induce his 'runners' to 'move' by the power of his
'sword' (without doubt a 'wooden' one); he must be prepared
to 'make battle' (e.g. by way of human sacrifice):
That is one reason for
him having a base on crossed sticks. The sticks are a kind
of socialized 'instruments of darkness'.
If we remove the king
from his position at the top of the 'instruments of
darkness' we once again have GD76 (hahe),
where people congregate (hahehahe) and seize
(Ma.: whahe) the power. This probably is the
6th station of the kuhane, Te Piringa
Aniwa:
... The
cult place of Vinapu is located between the
fifth and sixth segment of the dream voyage of
Hau Maka. These segments, named 'Te Kioe Uri'
(inland from Vinapu) and 'Te Piringa Aniva'
(near Hanga Pau Kura) flank Vinapu
from both the west and the east.
The
decoded meaning of the names 'the dark rat' (i.e.,
the island king as the recipient of gifts) and 'the
gathering place of the island population' (for the
purpose of presenting the island king with gifts)
links them with the month 'Maro' which is
June.
Thus,
the last month of the Easter Island year is twice
mentioned with Vinapu. Also, June is the
month of the summer [a misprint for winter]
solstice, which again points to the possibility that
the Vinapu complex was used for astronomical
purposes ...
Piri 1. To
join (vi, vt); to meet someone on the
road; piriga, meeting, gathering.
2. To choke: he-piri te gao. 3.
Ka-piri, ka piri, exclamation:
'So many!' Ka-piri, kapiri te pipi,
so many shellfish! Also used to
welcome visitors: ka-piri, ka-piri!
4. Ai-ka-piri ta'a me'e ma'a,
expression used to someone from whom one
hopes to receive some news, like saying
'let's hear what news you bring'. 5.
Kai piri, kai piri, exclamation
expressing: 'such a thing had never
happened to me before'. Kai piri, kai
piri, ia anirá i-piri-mai-ai te me'e
rakerake, such a bad thing had never
happened to me before!
Piripiri,
a slug found on the coast, blackish,
which secretes a sticky liquid.
Piriu,
a tattoo made on the back of the hand.
Vanaga.
1. With, and. 2. A
shock, blow. 3. To stick close to, to
apply oneself, starch; pipiri, to
stick, glue, gum; hakapiri,
plaster, to solder; hakapipiri,
to glue, to gum, to coat, to fasten with
a seal; hakapipirihaga, glue. 4.
To frequent, to join, to meet, to
interview, to contribute, to unite, to
be associated, neighboring; piri mai,
to come, to assamble, a company, in a
body, two together, in mass,
indistinctly; piri ohorua, a
couple; piri putuputu, to
frequent; piri mai piri atu,
sodomy; piri iho, to be addicted
to; pipiri, to catch; hakapiri,
to join together, aggregate, adjust,
apply, associate, enqualize, graft,
vise, join, league, patch, unite.
Piria;
tagata piria, traitor.
Piriaro
(piri 3 - aro), singlet,
undershirt.
Pirihaga, to
ally, affinity, league.
Piripou
(piri 3 - pou), trousers.
Piriukona,
tattooing on the hands. Churchill. |
Niva
Nivaniva, madman,
idiot. Vanaga.
Nivaniva, absurd,
stupidity, bungler, delirium,
madness, to err, to wander in
mind, folly, foolish, heedless,
frenzied, imbecile, senseless,
odd, inconsistent, simple, dupe,
stupid, flighty (nevaneva);
nivaniva o te mata,
lethargy.
Hakanivaniva, queer,
bewitched, stupefied, to tell
lies. PS Ta.:
nivaniva,
neneva, foolish,
stupid, mad. Sa.:
niniva, giddy, dizzy.
Churchill. |
I think there is a
reference in Te Piringa Aniwa to the 'madman'
(nivaniva) - i.e. the anarchy of the gathered
people, the mob, who is temporarily (during the
period of the 3 black nights of the 'slug',
piripiri) are taking over the rule from the
king.
|