TRANSLATIONS

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Tagaroa Uri (possibly 'Green Tangaroa') is located in spring:

... Barthel has given us the following data:  

Vaitu Nui (April)

1-2

Hora Iti (August)

9-10

Koro (December)

17-18

Vaitu Potu (May)

3-4

Hora Nui (September)

11-12

Tuaharo (January)

19-20

Maro (June)

5-6

Tangaroa Uri (October)

13-14

Tehetu'upu (February)

21-22

Anakena (July)

7-8

Ruti (November)

15-16

Tarahau (March)

23-24

The twelve Rapanui months are divided into half-months according to the numbers, which refer to the order established by the voyage of the dream soul:

1

Nga Kope Ririva Tutuu Vai A Te Taanga

9

Hua Reva

17

Pua Katiki

2

Te Pu Mahore

10

Akahanga

18

Maunga Teatea

3

Te Poko Uri

11

Hatinga Te Kohe

19

Mahatua

4

Te Manavai

12

Roto Iri Are

20

Taharoa

5

Te Kioe Uri

13

Tama

21

Hanga Hoonu

6

Te Piringa Aniva

14

One Tea

22

Rangi Meamea

7

Te Pei

15

Hanga Takaure

23

Peke Tau O Hiti

8

Te Pou

16

Poike

24

Mauga Hau Epa

... The triple division of the Marquesan year yields the segments August-November, December-March, and April-July ...

... The months were also personified by the Marquesans who claimed, as did the Moriori, that they were descendants of the Sky-father. Vatea, the Marquesan Sky-parent, became the father of the twelve months by three wives among whom they were evenly divided ...

... A curious diversion appears in the month list of the people of Porapora and Moorea in the Society Islands, which sheds light on the custom of the Moriori who sometimes placed 24 figures in the canoe which they dispatched seaward to the god Rongo on new years day. The names of the wives of the months are included, indicating that other Polynesians besides the Chatham Islanders personified the months ...

As tangaroa.a oto uta is the 2nd king on the list (of the year), ko oto uta must be the New Year King. His 'dream stations' are nos. 11-12, i.e. Hatinga Te Kohe and Roto Iri Are.

The Old Year King has nos. 9-10 and according to my interpretation of the beginning of side a in Tahua he is characterized as 'dying':

 

Aa1-11 Aa1-12
ihe kuukuu ma te maro ki te henua

Kuukuu (resembling the 'flute' of the 'cuckoo bird') presumably should be contrasted with Kiukiu (the 'squeeking rat', Oto Uta). Also his neck was broken, though later in the year according to Manuscript E:

 

.. On the thirtieth day of the month of October ('Tangaroa Uri'), Hotu asked about the stone figure (moai maea) named Oto Uta. Hotu said to Teke, 'Where is the figure Ota Uta (corrected in the manuscript for Hina Riru)? Teke thought about the question and then said to Hotu, 'It was left out in the bay.'

... The canoe of Pure O left on the fifth day of the month of November ('Ruti'). After the canoe of Pure O had sailed and had anchored out in the bay, in Hanga Moria One, Pure saw the figure, which had been lying there all this time, and said to his younger brothers (ngaio taina), 'Let's go my friends (hoa), let us break the neck of this mean one (or, ugly one, rakerake). Why should we return to that fragment of earth (te pito o te kainga, i.e., Easter Island)? Let us stay in our (home)land!

... After the neck of Oto Uta had been broken, Kuihi and Kuaha arrived. They picked up the neck of King Oto Uta, took it, and brought it with them. They arrived out in the bay, in Hanga Rau. (There) Kuihi and Kuaha left (the fragment). After the neck of Oto Uta had been brought on land, out in the bay of Hanga Rau, the wind, the rain, the waves, and the thunder subsided. Kuihi and Kuaha arrived and told the king the following: 'King Oto Uta is out in the bay of Hanga Rau'. Hotu said to his servant (tuura) Moa Kehu, 'Go down to king Oto Uta and take him up out of the bay of Hanga Rau!'

Hanga Rau is the place where new life begins:

'... When Hotu's canoe had reached Taharoa, the vaginal fluid (of Hotu's pregnant wife) appeared. They sailed toward Hanga Hoonu, where the mucus (kovare seems to refer to the amniotic sac in this case) appeared. They sailed on and came to Rangi Meamea, where the amniotic fluid ran out and the contractions began. They anchored the canoe in the front part of the bay, in Hanga Rau. The canoe of Ava Rei Pua also arrived and anchored. After Hotu's canoe had anchored, the child of Vakai and Hotu appeared. It was Tuu Maheke, son of Hotu, a boy. After the canoe of Ava Rei Pua had also arrived and anchored, the child of Ava Rei Pua was born. It was a girl named Ava Rei Pua Poki ...'

It seems that the neck of the statue of King Oto Uta was broken at summer solstice (late in November, Ruti). If so, then the event takes place at dream stations nos. 15-16 (Hanga Takaure and Poike)

The breaking of the neck is equivalent, I think, to breaking the power. We remember Katinga Te Kohe (no. 11) at which the dream soul of Hau Maka broke the 'kohe' with her feet.

... The name 'Breaking of the kohe plant', which is used in the same or nearly the same form in all of the tradition, must refer to a special event. *Kofe is the name for bamboo on most Polynesian islands, but today on Easter Island kohe is the name of a fern that grows near the beach ...

She broke the 'bamboo' staff (old year ruler), to clear the way for Oto Uta. Both at winter solstice and at summer solstice the old rulership must be broken.

Once again 'From Honey to Ashes' has valuable information to offer:

"... Information is unfortunately lacking about the significance of the wabu and their function in the ritual. But their physical resemblance to the hetsiwa is all the more striking since there are two kinds of wabu, one large, one small, and since Krause ... illustrates two types of Karaja ritual instruments made of sticks fixed together,

In the present state of knowledge, the theory according to which the hetsiwa and the wabu represent, as it were, immobilized clappers, must be put forward with extreme prudence.

Yet the existence of similar conceptions among the ancient Egyptians gives it a certain credibility. I am well aware that Plutarch's evidence is often suspect. I therefore make no claim to be restating authentic beliefs since, as far as I am concerned, it is of scant importance whether the imagery to which I am about to refer originated among reliable Egyptian sages, among a handful of Plutarch's informants, or in Plutarch's own mind.

In my view, the only point worthy of attention is that, after I had noted on several occasions that the intellectual processes evidenced in Plutarch's work presented a curious similarity to those I was deducing from South American myths, and that, consequently, in spite of the time gap and geographical distance, I had to admit that in both instances human minds had worked in the same way, a new convergence should emerge in connection with a hypothesis I would not have dared to put forward, had it not made the comparison justifieable. Here then is Plutarch's text:

Moreover, Manethus says that the Egyptians have a mythical tradition in regard to Jupiter, that because his legs were grown together he was not able to walk and so for shame tarried in the wilderness; but Isis, by severing and separating those parts of his body, provided him with means of rapid progress.

This fable teaches by its legend that the mind and reason of the god, fixed amid the unseen and invisible, advanced to generation by reason of motion.

The sistrum, a metallic rattle, also makes it clear that all things in existence need to be shaken, or rattled about, and never to cease from motion but, as it were, to be waked up and agitated when they grow drowsy and torpid.

They say that they avert and repel Typhon by means of the sistrum, indicating thereby that when destruction constricts and checks Nature, generation releases and arouses it by means of motion (Plutarch's Moralia. Isis and Osiris, 376).

Is it not extraordinary that the Karaja, whose magical practices and the problems they raise have led us to Plutarch, should have evolved a story completely symmetrical with his?

They say that Kanaschiwué, their demiurge, had to have his arms and legs tied to prevent him from destroying the earth by floods and other disasters, as he would have done had his movements been unrestricted (Baldus 5, p. 29).17

17 In the same way, it would also be appropriate to re-examine the famous episode of Aristeus (Virgil, Georgics, IV) in which Proteus (who corresponds to Plutarch's Typhon) has to be bound hand and foot during the dry season: 'Iam rapidus torrens sitientis Sirius Indos', in order to make him consent to show the shepherd how to find honey again, after it had been lost as a result of the disappearance of Eurydice, the mistress, if not of honey like the heroine of M233-M234, undeniably mistress of the honeymoon! Eurydice, who is swallowed by a monstous sea-serpent (ibid., v. 459), is an inversion of the heroine of M326a who was born from a sea-serpent and who rejected a honeymoon, in the days when animals had the gift of speech, and therefore would not have had any use for an Orpheus.

In spite of its obscurity, the Greek text introduces a clear contrast between, on the one hand silence and immobility symbolized by two limbs normally separate yet welded together, and on the other movement and noise, symbolized by the sistrum.

As in South America, unlike the first term, only the second term is a musical instrument. As in South America also, this musical instrument (or its opposite) is used to 'divert or drive away' a natural force (or it is used to attract it for criminal purposes): in one instance, it is Typhon, that is, Seth; in the other, the tapir or snake as seducers, the snake-rainbow associated with rain, rain itself or the chthonian spirits." (From Honey to Ashes)

Hercules too was tied up and killed at the time of summer solstice, we remember:

... Hercules first appears in legend as a pastoral sacred king and, perhaps because shepherds welcome the birth of twin lambs, is a twin himself.

His characteristics and history can be deduced from a mass of legends, folk-customs and megalithic monuments. He is the rain-maker of his tribe and a sort of human thunder-storm. Legends connect him with Libya and the Atlas Mountains; he may well have originated thereabouts in Palaeolithic times. The priests of Egyptian Thebes, who called him 'Shu', dated his origin as '17,000 years before the reign of King Amasis'.

He carries an oak-club, because the oak provides his beasts and his people with mast and because it attracts lightning more than any other tree. His symbols are the acorn; the rock-dove, which nests in oaks as well as in clefts of rocks; the mistletoe, or Loranthus; and the serpent. All these are sexual emblems.

The dove was sacred to the Love-goddess of Greece and Syria; the serpent was the most ancient of phallic totem-beasts; the cupped acorn stood for the glans penis in both Greek and Latin; the mistletoe was an all-heal and its names viscus (Latin) and ixias (Greek) are connected with vis and ischus (strength) - probably because of the spermal viscosity of its berries, sperm being the vehicle of life.

This Hercules is male leader of all orgiastic rites and has twelve archer companions, including his spear-armed twin, who is his tanist or deputy. He performs an annual green-wood marriage with a queen of the woods, a sort of Maid Marian. He is a mighty hunter and makes rain, when it is needed, by rattling an oak-club thunderously in a hollow oak and stirring a pool with an oak branch - alternatively, by rattling pebbles inside a sacred colocinth-gourd or, later, by rolling black meteoric stones inside a wooden chest - and so attracting thunderstorms by sympathetic magic ...

... The manner of his death can be reconstructed from a variety of legends, folk-customs and other religious survivals. At mid-summer, at the end of a half-year reign, Hercules is made drunk with mead and led into the middle of a circle of twelve stones arranged around an oak, in front of which stands an altar-stone; the oak has been lopped until it is T-shaped. He is bound to it with willow thongs in the 'five-fold bond' which joins wrists, neck, and ankles together, beaten by his comrades till he faints, then flayed, blinded, castrated, impaled with a mistletoe stake, and finally hacked into joints on the altar-stone. His blood is caught in a basin and used for sprinkling the whole tribe to make them vigorous and fruitful. The joints are roasted at twin fires of oak-loppings, kindled with sacred fire preserved from a lightning-blasted oak or made by twirling an alder- or cornel-wood fire-drill in an oak log.

The trunk is then uprooted and split into faggots which are added to the flames. The twelve merry-men rush in a wild figure-of-eight dance around the fires, singing ecstatically and tearing at the flesh with their teeth. The bloody remains are burnt in the fire, all except the genitals and the head. These are put into an alder-wood boat and floated down the river to an islet; though the head is sometimes cured with smoke and preserved for oracular use. His tanist succeeds him and reigns for the remainder of the year, when he is sacrificially killed by a new Hercules ...

We understand more and more of the myths. I guess the Easter Island version of 'Typhon' / 'Hercules' etc may be the spring god Tagaroa Uri (who causes the greenery to spread out and life to grow). Though it is surely King Oto Uta who is the generator, who wins the battle against the old year. Let us quickly recapitulate the story on Hawaii:

... Power reveals and defines itself as the rupture of the people's own moral order, precisely as the greatest of crimes against kinship: fraticide, parricide, the union of mother and son, father and daughter, or brother and sister ...

...  power is not represented here as an intrinsic social condition. It is usurpation, in the double sense of a forceful seizure of sovereignity and a sovereign denial of the prevailing moral order. Rather than a normal succession, usurpation itself is the principle of legitimacy. Hocart shows that the coronation rituals of the king or paramount chief celebrate a victory over his predecessor. If he has not actually sacrificed the late ruler, the heir to the Hawaiian kingship, or some one of his henchmen, is suspected of having poisoned him. 

There follows the scene of ritual chaos... when the world dissolves or is in significant respects inverted, until the new king returns to reinstate the tabus, i.e., the social order. Such mythical exploits and social disruptions are common to the beginnings of dynasties and to successive investitures of divine kings. 

We can summarily interpret the significance something like this: to be able to put the society in order, the kin must first reproduce an original disorder. Having committed the monstrous acts against society, proving he is stronger than it, the ruler proceeds to bring system out of chaos. Recapitulating the initial constitution of social life, the accession of the king is thus a recreation of the universe. The king makes his advent as a god. The symbolism of the installation rituals is cosmological ...

... The rationalization of power is not at issue so much as the representation of a general scheme of social life: a total 'structure of reproduction', including the complementary and antithetical relations between king and people, god and man, male and female, foreign and native, war and peace, heavens and earth ...

... The divine first appears abstractly, as generative-spirit-in-itself. Only after seven epochs of the po, the long night of the world's self-generation, are the gods as such born - as siblings to mankind. God and man appear together, and in fraternal strife over the means of their reproduction: their own older sister.

Begun in the eighth epoch of creation, this struggle makes the transition to the succeeding ages of the ao, the 'day' or world known to man. Indeed the struggle is presented as the condition of the possibility of human life in a world in which the life-giving powers are divine. The end of the eighth chant thus celebrates a victory: 'Man spread about now, man was here now; / It was day [ao].' 

And this victory gained over the god is again analogous to the triumph achieved annually over Lono at the New Year, which effects the seasonal transition, as Hawaiians note, from the time of long nights (po) to the time of long days (ao). The older sister of god and man, La'ila'i, is the firstborn to all the eras of previous creation. By Hawaiian theory, as firstborn La'ila'i is the legitimate heir to creation; while as woman she is uniquely able to transform divine into human life. 

The issue in her brothers' struggle to possess her is accordingly cosmological in scope and political in form. Described in certain genealogies as twins, the first two brothers are named simply in the chant as 'Ki'i, a man' and 'Kane, a god'. But since Ki'i means 'image' and Kane means 'man', everything has already been said: the statuses of god and man are reversed by La'ila'i's actions. She 'sits sideways', meaning she takes a second husband, Ki'i, and her children by the man Ki'i are born before her children by the god Kane...

 ... In the succeeding generations, the victory of the human line is secured by the repeated marriages of the sons of men to the daughters of gods, to the extent that the descent of the divine Kane is totally absorbed by the heirs of Ki'i ...

Jupiter 'tarried in the wilderness' because his 'legs were grown together', just as the statue of Oto Uta was left behind. The 'legs' in question we saw already in the statue of Pachamama:

... Notice that the right leg (left as seen from the statue) is 'summer' and the left leg 'winter'. In ancient times they could manage with two seasons. And right step first is a rule north of the equator only. The word 'summer' is related to the Sanskrit word 'sáma' = half-year ...

Let us now return to Hawaii and what Sahlins describes in his Islands of History:

"... In the Saturnalia, the Lupercalia, their carnival successors and analogous annual festivals of traditional kingdoms elsewhere, a further permutation of the original structure appears. At this time of cosmic and social rebirth, celeritas and gravitas exchange places: the people become the party of disorder, and the celebration of their community is a so-called ritual of rebellion."

celerity ... swiftness ... L. celeritās ... prob. rel. to Gr. kéllein drive, kélēs runner ... (English Etymology)

Kings move slowly, while their servants should run. Remember Aa1-3--4:

"... At the Hawaiian annual [annular, annullation] ceremony of this type, the Makahiki ('Year), the lost god cum legendary king returns to take possession of the land.

Circulating the island to collect the offerings of the people, he leaves in his train scenes of mock battle and popular celebration.

At the end of the god's progress, the Hawaiians perform a version of the Fijian installation ceremonies. The reigning king comes in from the sea to be met by attendants of the returned popular god hurling spears, one of which is caused to symbolically reach its mark.

Thus killed by the god, the king enters the temple to sacrifice to him and welcome him to 'the land of us-two'.

Yet the death of the king is also the moment of his reascension, and in the end it is the god who is sacrificed. Just as the povisional king of carnival must eventually suffer execution, the image of the returned god is soon after dismantled, bound, and hidden away - a rite watched over by the ceremonial double (or human god) of the king, one of whose titles is 'Death is Near'.

Thereupon, the real usurper, the constituted king, resumes his normal business of human sacrifice."

The mock battle with clappers, upheaval, turning everything upside down (to induce the sun return from his 'sleep' in the middle of the 'water') could be symbolized with two wooden 'limbs' crossed as in GD76 (hahe):

Hahe

Hahehahe. To congregate, to gather (of people, animals, things). Hahei, to encircle, to surround. Ku hahei á te tagata i ruga i te umu, he vari, the people have placed themselves around the oven, forming a circle. Ana ká i te umu, he hahei hai rito i raro, when you cook food (lit.: light the oven) you cover it all around with banana leaves at the bottom. Vanaga.

M. Whawhe, to come or go round. Cf. hawhe, to go or come round; awhe, to pass round or behind; takaawhe, circuitous. 2. To put round. 3. To be blown away by the wind. Te aute tč whawhea - Prov. 4. To grasp, to seize. Cf. wha, to lay hold of; to handle. 5. To save, as a defeated person on a battle-field. Text Centre.

The executive on earth, i.e. the king (GD63, ariki), must induce his 'runners' to 'move' by the power of his 'sword' (without doubt a 'wooden' one); he must be prepared to 'make battle' (e.g. by way of human sacrifice):

That is one reason for him having a base on crossed sticks. The sticks are a kind of socialized 'instruments of darkness'.

If we remove the king from his position at the top of the 'instruments of darkness' we once again have GD76 (hahe), where people congregate (hahehahe) and seize (Ma.: whahe) the power. This probably is the 6th station of the kuhane, Te Piringa Aniwa:

... The cult place of Vinapu is located between the fifth and sixth segment of the dream voyage of Hau Maka. These segments, named 'Te Kioe Uri' (inland from Vinapu) and 'Te Piringa Aniva' (near Hanga Pau Kura) flank Vinapu from both the west and the east.

The decoded meaning of the names 'the dark rat' (i.e., the island king as the recipient of gifts) and 'the gathering place of the island population' (for the purpose of presenting the island king with gifts) links them with the month 'Maro' which is June.

Thus, the last month of the Easter Island year is twice mentioned with Vinapu. Also, June is the month of the summer [a misprint for winter] solstice, which again points to the possibility that the Vinapu complex was used for astronomical purposes ...

Piri

1. To join (vi, vt); to meet someone on the road; piriga, meeting, gathering. 2. To choke: he-piri te gao. 3. Ka-piri, ka piri, exclamation: 'So many!' Ka-piri, kapiri te pipi, so many shellfish! Also used to welcome visitors: ka-piri, ka-piri! 4. Ai-ka-piri ta'a me'e ma'a, expression used to someone from whom one hopes to receive some news, like saying 'let's hear what news you bring'. 5. Kai piri, kai piri, exclamation expressing: 'such a thing had never happened to me before'. Kai piri, kai piri, ia anirá i-piri-mai-ai te me'e rakerake, such a bad thing had never happened to me before! Piripiri, a slug found on the coast, blackish, which secretes a sticky liquid. Piriu, a tattoo made on the back of the hand. Vanaga.

1. With, and. 2. A shock, blow. 3. To stick close to, to apply oneself, starch; pipiri, to stick, glue, gum; hakapiri, plaster, to solder; hakapipiri, to glue, to gum, to coat, to fasten with a seal; hakapipirihaga, glue. 4. To frequent, to join, to meet, to interview, to contribute, to unite, to be associated, neighboring; piri mai, to come, to assamble, a company, in a body, two together, in mass, indistinctly; piri ohorua, a couple; piri putuputu, to frequent; piri mai piri atu, sodomy; piri iho, to be addicted to; pipiri, to catch; hakapiri, to join together, aggregate, adjust, apply, associate, enqualize, graft, vise, join, league, patch, unite. Piria; tagata piria, traitor. Piriaro (piri 3 - aro), singlet, undershirt. Pirihaga, to ally, affinity, league. Piripou (piri 3 - pou), trousers. Piriukona, tattooing on the hands. Churchill.

Aniva

People. Barthel 2.

Niva

Nivaniva, madman, idiot. Vanaga.

Nivaniva, absurd, stupidity, bungler, delirium, madness, to err, to wander in mind, folly, foolish, heedless, frenzied, imbecile, senseless, odd, inconsistent, simple, dupe, stupid, flighty (nevaneva); nivaniva o te mata, lethargy. Hakanivaniva, queer, bewitched, stupefied, to tell lies. PS Ta.: nivaniva, neneva, foolish, stupid, mad. Sa.: niniva, giddy, dizzy. Churchill.

I think there is a reference in Te Piringa Aniwa to the 'madman' (nivaniva) - i.e. the anarchy of the gathered people, the mob, who is temporarily (during the period of the 3 black nights of the 'slug', piripiri) are taking over the rule from the king.