TRANSLATIONS
We know that Hotua Matua could be read as Hotu-A Matua (Hotu 'of' Matua, i.e. son of Matua).
Manuscript E begins with a list of the first 10 kings using that
method:
ko oto uta |
ariki motongi |
1 |
ko tangaroa.a oto uta |
ariki motongi |
2 |
ko tiki hati.a tangaroa |
ariki motongi |
3 |
ko roroi.a tiki hati |
ariki motongi |
4 |
ko tuu kumā.a roroi |
ariki motongi |
5 |
ko ataranga.a tuu kumā |
ariki motongi |
6 |
ko harai.a ataranga |
ariki motongi |
7 |
ko taana.a harai |
ariki motongi |
8 |
ko matua.a taana |
ariki motongi |
9 |
ko hotu.a matua |
ariki motongi |
10 |
Tagaroa is here
the 2nd king, following Oto Uta, although we
just have read that Tagaroa was a son of
Kiukiu:
...
Hamiora Pio once spoke as follows to the writer:
'Friend! Let me tell of the offspring of
Tangaroa-akiukiu, whose two daughters were
Hine-raumati (the Summer Maid - personified form
of summer) and Hine-takurua (the Winter Maid
- personification of winter), both of whom where
taken to wife by the sun ...
Oto Uta we have
met before, the moai whose neck was broken:
... At the time of the loading of the
emigrant canoe, Hotu Matua
ordered his assistant Teke to
take a (stone) figure (moai)
named 'Oto Uta' on board the
canoe, along with the people (aniwa)
who were emigrating.
Uta
Higher up (from the coast,
or from another place); i
uta era, further up, up
there. Vanaga.
1. Inland, landward;
paepae ki uta, to
strand, to run aground;
mouku uta, herbage. 2.
To carry; uta mai, to
import; hakauta, to
give passage.
Campbell. |
Oto
Otoroka:
According to old Eva Hey
(who died in 1946) this was
a greeting (today unknown).
It seems to be the same as
that which, according to
Karl Friedrich Behrens
(1722), a native directed at
Roggeveen's ships, the first
native to board the ensign
ship and who, upon going
back, 'raised both hands and
with his eyes turned to the
island, shouted: Odorroga,
Odorroga'. Vanaga.
Ha.: Oko, to move
ahead of others; to try to
be better than others,
surpass. He aha kēia e
oko a'e nei, why this
pushing ahead of others.
Wehewehe. |
However, the figure was left behind 'out
in the bay' ... |
The 'bay' presumably is
Hanga Nui:
... The word haga
could mean 'bay', 'beach' or
'anchorage', as for instance the beach
of Anakena. Another possibility
is 'creation'. Presumably both meanings
are meant here. I think these two GD42
glyphs indicate takurua, the
place where the old year is 'finished'
and a new year is 'created'. It is
intriguing to find haga nui to
mean 'to weary' (etc), because Hanga
Nui is the bay in which we find
Marotiri (and Maro is the
last month of the year) ... |
Tangaroa-a Kiukiu
is the same person as Tangaroa-a Oto Uta, I
guess, in which case Kiukiu = Oto Uta.
Kikiu
Kikiu. 1. Said of
food insufficiently cooked and therefore
tough: kai kikiu. 2. To tie
securely; to tighten the knots of a
snare: ku-kikiu-á te hereíga, the
knot has been tightened. 3.
Figuratively: mean, tight, stingy;
puoko kikiu. a miser; also: eve
kikiu. 4. To squeak (of rats,
chickens). Kiukiu, to chirp (of
chicks and birds); to make short noises.
The first bells brought by the
missionaries were given this name.
Vanaga.
Kiukiu (kikiu).
1. To resound, to ring, sonorous, bell,
bronze; kiukiu rikiriki, hand
bell; tagi kiukiu, sound of a
bell; kikiu, to ring, the
squeeking of rats; tariga kikiu,
din, buzzing; hakakiukiu, to
ring. Mgv.: kiukiu, a thin sound,
a soft sweet sound. 2. To disobey,
disobedience; mogugu kiukiu,
ungrateful; ka kikiu ro, to
importune. Churchill. |
Tomorrow (as if by
coincidence) is the 31st of December, at the
close of which the bells will be ringing in (kiukiu)
the new year.
By another, equally
remarkable, 'coincidence', I last evening read about
the contrast between the 'instruments of darkness'
on one hand and bells on the other:
"... The
reader will no doubt have noticed that a curious
analogy exists between the means employed for the
tapped-out call in the South American myths: a
resonator made from a gourd of tree-trunk which is
struck, sticks which are knocked against each other,
or clappers, and a liturgical complex belonging to
the Old World, known as the instruments of darkness.
The
origin of these instruments, and their use from the
Thursday to the Saturday of Holy Week, presents a
great many problems. As I cannot claim to
participate in a complex discussion which lies
outside my competence, I shall merely refer to one
or two generally accepted points.
It would
seem that fixed bells in churches did not make their
appearance until rather late, about the seventh
century. Their enforced silence from the Thursday to
the Saturday of Holy Week does not seem to be
recorded before about the eighth century (and then
only in Rome). At the end of the twelfth and
beginning of the thirteenth century, the restriction
appears to have spread to other European countries.
But the
reason for the bells remaining silent, and for them
being replaced temporarily by other sources of
noise, is not clear. Their alleged journey to Rome,
which accounted for their temporary absence, may be
no more than an a posteriori explanation,
founded moreover on all kinds of beliefs and
imaginative suppositions connected with bells: they
were thought to be animate, vocal beings, capabe of
feeling and acting, and fit for baptism.
In
addition to summoning the congregation to the
church, bells had a meteorological, and even a
cosmic, function. Their reverberations drove storms
away, dispelled clouds and hail, and destroyed evil
spells ..." (From Honey to Ashes)
...Then
the wind started blowing, the billow rose, the waves
broke, the rain started falling, the flame (i.e.,
lightning) shone brightly, and the thunder rolled.
As soon as the wind started blowing, the waves
broke, the rain fell, and thunder rolled, King
Hotu knew that Pure O had done harm to
Oto Uta. Hotu spoke: 'These fellows have
done a mean thing to King Oto Uta!'
The Holy Week, at the
close of which the bells must remain silent, is
equivalent to the end of the year.
" Holy Week (Latin: Hebdomada Sancta) in Christianity is
the last week of Lent. It includes the religious holidays of Palm Sunday
(Passion Sunday), Maundy Thursday (Holy Thursday) and Good Friday, and lasts
from Palm Sunday until but not including Easter Sunday, as Easter Sunday is the
first day of the new season of The Great Fifty Days. It commemorates the last
week of the life of Jesus Christ culminating in his crucifixion on Good Friday
and his resurrection on Easter Sunday." (Wikipedia)
The bells are silent during the dark days before
a new year (sun) is alighted. Light is needed for order and in darkness disorder
'rules'.
"In Eastern Orthodox
Churches and Greek Catholic
Churches, during Holy Week, Orthros
(Matins) services for each day are
held during the preceding evening.
Thus, the Matins service of Monday
is sung on Palm Sunday evening, and
so on. (The services of Sunday
through Tuesday evenings are often
called Bridegroom Matins, because of
their theme of
Christ-as-Bridegroom.) Towards the
end of the Tuesday evening
Bridegroom service, the Hymn of
Kassiani is sung. The Hymn, (written
in the 9th century by Kassiani the
nun) tells of the woman who washed
Christ's feet in the house of Simon
the Pharisee (Luke 7:36-50).
Much of the hymn is written from the
perspective of the sinful woman:
-
O Lord, the woman
who had fallen into many sins,
sensing Your Divinity, takes
upon herself the duty of a
myrrh-bearer. With lamentations
she brings you myrrh in
anticipation of your entombment.
'Woe to me!' she cries, 'for me
night has become a frenzy of
licentiousness, a dark and
moonless love of sin. Receive
the fountain of my tears, O You
who gathers into clouds the
waters of the sea. Incline unto
me, unto the sighings of my
heart, O You who bowed the
heavens by your ineffable
condescension. I will wash your
immaculate feet with kisses and
dry them again with the tresses
of my hair; those very feet at
whose sound Eve hid herself from
in fear when she heard You
walking in Paradise in the
twilight of the day. As for the
multitude of my sins and the
depths of Your judgments, who
can search them out, O Savior of
souls, my Savior? Do not disdain
me Your handmaiden, O You who
are boundless in mercy.'
The Byzantine musical
composition expresses the poetry so
strongly that it leaves many people
in a state of prayerful tears. The
Hymn can last upwards of 25 minutes
and is liturgically and musically a
highpoint of the entire year.
(Bronze statue
Belle in Amsterdam's red-light district De
Wallen, in front of the Oude Kerk.)
In many
places in Greece, the Bridegroom Matins service of
Great Tuesday is popular with sex workers and those
engaged in prostitution, who may not often be seen
in church at other times of the year. They come in
great numbers, in order to hear the Hymn of
Kassiani, as the hymn is traditionally associated
with the woman fallen in many sins ... "
(Wikipedia)
Is it coincidence that
- as if by joke - the sign says Belle (as in bell)?
No, probably not. Whoever chose the picture for
'illuminating' sex worker (and also whoever chose
the sign to say Belle) must have understood (at
least deep down).
The bells are silent at
the time of La Belle.
"... the
instruments of darkness which replace the bells
include the hammer, the hand rattle, the clapper or
hand-knocker, a kind of castanets called 'livre',
the matraca (a flat slab of wood with two movable
plates attached to each either side which strike it
when it is shaken) and the wooden sistrum on a
string or a ring.
Other
instruments, such as the batelet and huge
rattles, were quite complicated pieces of apparatus.
In theory, all these devices had a definite
function, but in actual practice they often
overlapped: they were used to make a noise inside
the church or out, to summon the congregation in the
absence of bells, or to accompany the collecting of
alms by children.
There
is, also, some evidence that the instruments of
darkness may have been intended to represent the
marvels and terrifying noises which occurred at the
time of the death of Christ." (From Honey to Ashes)
The enforced silence
from Thursday to Saturday at the end of the year
thus referred only to the bells. During these
silent-bells (i.e. dark) days noise was instead
delivered by all sorts of disharmonius
'instruments of darkness'.
One reason for the
great din may have been the anxiety for beasts
daring to approach when the fires had been stamped
out. Loud noises frighten animals, and also my dogs
will be absolutely crazy tomorrow night, when all
the fire crackers are detonating and there is
nowhere to hide from the noises.
Light (the eyes) do not
function in the dark, so ears are needed. Man is man
because he has tamed the fire. His ears are no
longer as sensitive, while - on the other hand - my
dogs' ears have retained their sensitivity.
Animals eat cold food,
while in human society there is light, order and
cooked food:
"In
China, every year about the beginning of April,
certain officials called Sz'hüen used of old
to go about the country armed with wooden clappers.
Their business was to summon the people and command
them to put out every fire.
This was
the beginning of the season called Han-shih-tsieh,
or 'eating of cold food'. For three days all
household fires remained extinct as a preparation
for the solemn renewal of the fire, which took place
on the fifth or sixth day after the winter solstice.
Here may
be a hint of why there are 3 glyphs in the X-area
Aa1-13--15 instead of the 5 or 6 expected (after
having subtracted 360 from 365.25).
The
ceremony was performed with great pomp by the same
officials who procured the new fire from heaven by
reflecting the sun's rays either from a metal mirror
or from a crystal on dry moss.
Fire
thus obtained is called by the Chinese heavenly fire
and its use is enjoined in sacrifices: whereas fire
elicited by the friction of wood is termed by them
earthly fire, and its use is prescribed for cooking
and other domestic purposes ...
... Like
archaic China and certain Amero-Indian societies,
Europe, until quite recently, celebrated a rite
involving the extinguishing and renewal of domestic
fires, preceded by fasting and the use of the
instruments of darkness.
This
series of events took place just before Easter, so
that the 'darkness' which prevailed in the church
during the service of the same name (Tenebrae),
could symbolize both the extinguishing of domestic
fires and the darkness which covered the earth at
the moment of Christ's death.
In all
Catholic countries it was customary to extinguish
the lights in the churches on Easter Eve and then
make a new fire sometimes with flint or with the
help of a burning-glass.
Frazer
brings together numerous instances which show that
this fire was used to give every house new fire. He
quotes a sixteenth-century Latin poem in a
contemporary English translation, from which I take
the following significant lines:
On
Easter Eve the fire all is quencht in every place,
// And fresh againe from out the flint is fecht with
solemne grace.
*
Then
Clappers cease, and belles are set againe at
libertée, // And herewithall the hungrie times of
fasting ended bée. " (From Honey to Ashes)
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