TRANSLATIONS

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We know that Hotua Matua could be read as Hotu-A Matua (Hotu 'of' Matua, i.e. son of Matua). Manuscript E begins with a list of the first 10 kings using that method:

ko oto uta

ariki motongi

1

ko tangaroa.a oto uta

ariki motongi

2

ko tiki hati.a tangaroa

ariki motongi

3

ko roroi.a tiki hati

ariki motongi

4

ko tuu kumā.a roroi

ariki motongi

5

ko ataranga.a tuu kumā

ariki motongi

6

ko harai.a ataranga

ariki motongi

7

ko taana.a harai

ariki motongi

8

ko matua.a taana

ariki motongi

9

ko hotu.a matua

ariki motongi

10

 

Tagaroa is here the 2nd king, following Oto Uta, although we just have read that Tagaroa was a son of Kiukiu:

... Hamiora Pio once spoke as follows to the writer: 'Friend! Let me tell of the offspring of Tangaroa-akiukiu, whose two daughters were Hine-raumati (the Summer Maid - personified form of summer) and Hine-takurua (the Winter Maid - personification of winter), both of whom where taken to wife by the sun ...

Oto Uta we have met before, the moai whose neck was broken:

 

... At the time of the loading of the emigrant canoe, Hotu Matua ordered his assistant Teke to take a (stone) figure (moai) named 'Oto Uta' on board the canoe, along with the people (aniwa) who were emigrating.

Uta

Higher up (from the coast, or from another place); i uta era, further up, up there. Vanaga.

1. Inland, landward; paepae ki uta, to strand, to run aground; mouku uta, herbage. 2. To carry; uta mai, to import; hakauta, to give passage. Campbell.

Oto

Otoroka: According to old Eva Hey (who died in 1946) this was a greeting (today unknown). It seems to be the same as that which, according to Karl Friedrich Behrens (1722), a native directed at Roggeveen's ships, the first native to board the ensign ship and who, upon going back, 'raised both hands and with his eyes turned to the island, shouted: Odorroga, Odorroga'. Vanaga.

Ha.: Oko,  to move ahead of others; to try to be better than others, surpass. He aha kēia e oko a'e nei, why this pushing ahead of others. Wehewehe.

However, the figure was left behind 'out in the bay' ...

The 'bay' presumably is Hanga Nui:

... The word haga could mean 'bay', 'beach' or 'anchorage', as for instance the beach of Anakena. Another possibility is 'creation'. Presumably both meanings are meant here. I think these two GD42 glyphs indicate takurua, the place where the old year is 'finished' and a new year is 'created'. It is intriguing to find haga nui to mean 'to weary' (etc), because Hanga Nui is the bay in which we find Marotiri (and Maro is the last month of the year) ...

Tangaroa-a Kiukiu is the same person as Tangaroa-a Oto Uta, I guess, in which case Kiukiu = Oto Uta.

 

Kikiu

Kikiu. 1. Said of food insufficiently cooked and therefore tough: kai kikiu. 2. To tie securely; to tighten the knots of a snare: ku-kikiu-á te hereíga, the knot has been tightened. 3. Figuratively: mean, tight, stingy; puoko kikiu. a miser; also: eve kikiu. 4. To squeak (of rats, chickens). Kiukiu, to chirp (of chicks and birds); to make short noises. The first bells brought by the missionaries were given this name. Vanaga.

Kiukiu (kikiu). 1. To resound, to ring, sonorous, bell, bronze; kiukiu rikiriki, hand bell; tagi kiukiu, sound of a bell; kikiu, to ring, the squeeking of rats; tariga kikiu, din, buzzing; hakakiukiu, to ring. Mgv.: kiukiu, a thin sound, a soft sweet sound. 2. To disobey, disobedience; mogugu kiukiu, ungrateful; ka kikiu ro, to importune. Churchill.

Tomorrow (as if by coincidence) is the 31st of December, at the close of which the bells will be ringing in (kiukiu) the new year.

By another, equally remarkable, 'coincidence', I last evening read about the contrast between the 'instruments of darkness' on one hand and bells on the other:

"... The reader will no doubt have noticed that a curious analogy exists between the means employed for the tapped-out call in the South American myths: a resonator made from a gourd of tree-trunk which is struck, sticks which are knocked against each other, or clappers, and a liturgical complex belonging to the Old World, known as the instruments of darkness.

The origin of these instruments, and their use from the Thursday to the Saturday of Holy Week, presents a great many problems. As I cannot claim to participate in a complex discussion which lies outside my competence, I shall merely refer to one or two generally accepted points.

It would seem that fixed bells in churches did not make their appearance until rather late, about the seventh century. Their enforced silence from the Thursday to the Saturday of Holy Week does not seem to be recorded before about the eighth century (and then only in Rome). At the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth century, the restriction appears to have spread to other European countries.

But the reason for the bells remaining silent, and for them being replaced temporarily by other sources of noise, is not clear. Their alleged journey to Rome, which accounted for their temporary absence, may be no more than an a posteriori explanation, founded moreover on all kinds of beliefs and imaginative suppositions connected with bells: they were thought to be animate, vocal beings, capabe of feeling and acting, and fit for baptism.

In addition to summoning the congregation to the church, bells had a meteorological, and even a cosmic, function. Their reverberations drove storms away, dispelled clouds and hail, and destroyed evil spells ..." (From Honey to Ashes)

...Then the wind started blowing, the billow rose, the waves broke, the rain started falling, the flame (i.e., lightning) shone brightly, and the thunder rolled. As soon as the wind started blowing, the waves broke, the rain fell, and thunder rolled, King Hotu knew that Pure O had done harm to Oto Uta. Hotu spoke: 'These fellows have done a mean thing to King Oto Uta!'

The Holy Week, at the close of which the bells must remain silent, is equivalent to the end of the year.

" Holy Week (Latin: Hebdomada Sancta) in Christianity is the last week of Lent. It includes the religious holidays of Palm Sunday (Passion Sunday), Maundy Thursday (Holy Thursday) and Good Friday, and lasts from Palm Sunday until but not including Easter Sunday, as Easter Sunday is the first day of the new season of The Great Fifty Days. It commemorates the last week of the life of Jesus Christ culminating in his crucifixion on Good Friday and his resurrection on Easter Sunday." (Wikipedia)

The bells are silent during the dark days before a new year (sun) is alighted. Light is needed for order and in darkness disorder 'rules'.

"In Eastern Orthodox Churches and Greek Catholic Churches, during Holy Week, Orthros (Matins) services for each day are held during the preceding evening. Thus, the Matins service of Monday is sung on Palm Sunday evening, and so on. (The services of Sunday through Tuesday evenings are often called Bridegroom Matins, because of their theme of Christ-as-Bridegroom.) Towards the end of the Tuesday evening Bridegroom service, the Hymn of Kassiani is sung. The Hymn, (written in the 9th century by Kassiani the nun) tells of the woman who washed Christ's feet in the house of Simon the Pharisee  (Luke 7:36-50). Much of the hymn is written from the perspective of the sinful woman:

O Lord, the woman who had fallen into many sins, sensing Your Divinity, takes upon herself the duty of a myrrh-bearer. With lamentations she brings you myrrh in anticipation of your entombment. 'Woe to me!' she cries, 'for me night has become a frenzy of licentiousness, a dark and moonless love of sin. Receive the fountain of my tears, O You who gathers into clouds the waters of the sea. Incline unto me, unto the sighings of my heart, O You who bowed the heavens by your ineffable condescension. I will wash your immaculate feet with kisses and dry them again with the tresses of my hair; those very feet at whose sound Eve hid herself from in fear when she heard You walking in Paradise in the twilight of the day. As for the multitude of my sins and the depths of Your judgments, who can search them out, O Savior of souls, my Savior? Do not disdain me Your handmaiden, O You who are boundless in mercy.'

The Byzantine musical composition expresses the poetry so strongly that it leaves many people in a state of prayerful tears. The Hymn can last upwards of 25 minutes and is liturgically and musically a highpoint of the entire year.

(Bronze statue Belle in Amsterdam's red-light district De Wallen, in front of the Oude Kerk.)

In many places in Greece, the Bridegroom Matins service of Great Tuesday is popular with sex workers and those engaged in prostitution, who may not often be seen in church at other times of the year. They come in great numbers, in order to hear the Hymn of Kassiani, as the hymn is traditionally associated with the woman fallen in many sins ... " (Wikipedia)

Is it coincidence that - as if by joke - the sign says Belle (as in bell)? No, probably not. Whoever chose the picture for 'illuminating' sex worker (and also whoever chose the sign to say Belle) must have understood (at least deep down).

The bells are silent at the time of La Belle.

"... the instruments of darkness which replace the bells include the hammer, the hand rattle, the clapper or hand-knocker, a kind of castanets called 'livre', the matraca (a flat slab of wood with two movable plates attached to each either side which strike it when it is shaken) and the wooden sistrum on a string or a ring.

Other instruments, such as the batelet and huge rattles, were quite complicated pieces of apparatus. In theory, all these devices had a definite function, but in actual practice they often overlapped: they were used to make a noise inside the church or out, to summon the congregation in the absence of bells, or to accompany the collecting of alms by children.

There is, also, some evidence that the instruments of darkness may have been intended to represent the marvels and terrifying noises which occurred at the time of the death of Christ." (From Honey to Ashes)

The enforced silence from Thursday to Saturday at the end of the year thus referred only to the bells. During these silent-bells (i.e. dark) days noise was instead delivered by all sorts of disharmonius 'instruments of darkness'.

One reason for the great din may have been the anxiety for beasts daring to approach when the fires had been stamped out. Loud noises frighten animals, and also my dogs will be absolutely crazy tomorrow night, when all the fire crackers are detonating and there is nowhere to hide from the noises.

Light (the eyes) do not function in the dark, so ears are needed. Man is man because he has tamed the fire. His ears are no longer as sensitive, while - on the other hand - my dogs' ears have retained their sensitivity.

Animals eat cold food, while in human society there is light, order and cooked food:

"In China, every year about the beginning of April, certain officials called Sz'hüen used of old to go about the country armed with wooden clappers. Their business was to summon the people and command them to put out every fire.

This was the beginning of the season called Han-shih-tsieh, or 'eating of cold food'. For three days all household fires remained extinct as a preparation for the solemn renewal of the fire, which took place on the fifth or sixth day after the winter solstice.

Here may be a hint of why there are 3 glyphs in the X-area Aa1-13--15 instead of the 5 or 6 expected (after having subtracted 360 from 365.25).

The ceremony was performed with great pomp by the same officials who procured the new fire from heaven by reflecting the sun's rays either from a metal mirror or from a crystal on dry moss.

Fire thus obtained is called by the Chinese heavenly fire and its use is enjoined in sacrifices: whereas fire elicited by the friction of wood is termed by them earthly fire, and its use is prescribed for cooking and other domestic purposes ...

... Like archaic China and certain Amero-Indian societies, Europe, until quite recently, celebrated a rite involving the extinguishing and renewal of domestic fires, preceded by fasting and the use of the instruments of darkness.

This series of events took place just before Easter, so that the 'darkness' which prevailed in the church during the service of the same name (Tenebrae), could symbolize both the extinguishing of domestic fires and the darkness which covered the earth at the moment of Christ's death.

In all Catholic countries it was customary to extinguish the lights in the churches on Easter Eve and then make a new fire sometimes with flint or with the help of a burning-glass.

Frazer brings together numerous instances which show that this fire was used to give every house new fire. He quotes a sixteenth-century Latin poem in a contemporary English translation, from which I take the following significant lines:

On Easter Eve the fire all is quencht in every place, // And fresh againe from out the flint is fecht with solemne grace.

*

Then Clappers cease, and belles are set againe at libertée, // And herewithall the hungrie times of fasting ended bée. " (From Honey to Ashes)