TRANSLATIONS

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GD17 glyphs at which Metoro neither said honu, tagata nor tamaiti:

Ba1-3 Ba1-16 Ba1-44 Ba3-16 Ba4-8 Ba7-11
Ba7-19 Ba8-5 Ba8-17 Ba10-26 Bb1-16 Bb3-19
Bb3-27 Bb4-33 Bb5-6 Bb5-7 Bb6-39 Bb7-12
Bb7-22 Bb10-33 Ab1-6 Ab1-45 Ab1-49 Ab1-56
Ab1-60 Ab1-68 Ab1-71 Ab1-75 Ab2-81 Ab3-43
Ab4-4 Ab4-5 Ab5-53 Ab5-63 Ab6-7 Ab6-22
Ab6-82 Ab7-25 Ab8-19 Ab8-21 Aa1-80 Aa1-88
Aa2-25 Aa2-34 Aa2-36 Aa2-44 Aa3-67 Aa3-69
Aa4-11 Aa5-49 Aa5-79 Aa5-80 Aa6-69 Aa6-77
Aa6-83 Aa7-13 Aa7-50 Aa7-51 Aa7-69 Aa8-25
Aa8-43 Aa8-56 Aa8-71 Ca6-5 Ca6-11 Ca6-13
Ca6-15 Ca7-8 Ca8-27 Ca9-17 Ca11-3 Ca11-13
Cb2-3 Cb4-3 Cb5-16 Cb5-18 Cb6-13 Cb6-14
Cb7-26 Cb9-12 Ea4-20 Ea7-7 Ea7-10 Ea7-13
Ea8-3 Eb2-8 Eb2-11 Eb3-18 Eb5-8 Eb5-26
Eb7-18 Eb7-20 Eb7-22 Eb7-25 Eb7-30 Eb7-32
16 * 6 + 2 = 98 glyphs.

14 redmarked glyphs belong to a type which I have decided to call takaure.

Eb7-33 Eb7-34

The takaure glyph type will be GD95. In the same manner as when GD94 (vero) will be integrated with the rest of the dictionary I do not intend to delete the corresponding glyphs (from GD17 respectively GD22). The more general identifying characteristics needed to classify glyphs according to how they look will remains as earlier and the glyph catalogue will not be changed to include new glyph types added in the glyph dictionary.

I have already earlier assembled in the Polynesian dictionary a hyperlink takaure in the vocabulary of Metoro. Similar links lead from the words veveke, pepe and koka to the same page:

Ca6-14 Ca6-15
takaure kua aha te takaure
Ea9-11 Eb7-18 Eb7-20 Eb7-23 Eb7-34
takaure te takaure te takaure te hau tea - te takaure te takaure
Bb1-16 Bb6-31 Eb7-25 Eb7-32
kua rere ïa ki te veveke mau veveke te veveke kua rere te veveke
Ea7-7 Ea7-10 Ea7-13 Eb7-22
kua rere te pepe kua tere te pepe te pepe te pepe
Eb7-30
te koka

I have here red-marked three glyphs (Ca6-14, Ea9-11 and Eb7-23) which do not appear among the 98 glyphs above. I could have classified Ea9-11 as GD17, but not the other two glyphs. As it is, Ea9-11 has been classified among 'glyphs which seem to be partly destroyed and cannot be identified'. There is no reason to change that although Metoro probably is correct in suggesting takaure for the glyph.

Ca6-14 and Eb7-23 will not be included among the takaure (GD95) glyphs. The classification for the extended part of the dictionary (GD91 etc) must be based on how glyphs look and not on the words of Metoro.

On the other hand, Ba7-11 and Ca6-13 - which appear redmarked among the 98 glyphs above - must be considered to belong to GD95:

Ba7-11
kua haga ko te makere
Ca6-11 Ca6-12 Ca6-13 Ca6-14 Ca6-15 Ca6-16
te heheu ke - te niu kua huri ki te vai manu teketeke ki ruga takaure kua aha te takaure i te henua ma te rima

In C the situation is complicated. I have classified Ca6-13 and Ca6-15 as GD95, while Metoro has mentioned takaure at Ca6-14. Is Ca6-14 a kind of insect with 4 + 5 = 9 legs?

Interesting is how in Ca6-12 vai appears immediately before the sequence Ca6-13--15. I have guessed that the takaure glyph type represent spring sun in some incarnation and when sun now appears (as vai) we have a kind of confirmation. We should also note the sun eye in Ca6-13.

In Ca6-11 niu has two creatures dangling, maybe the 1st 'year' and the 2nd 'year'?

The key word makere in Ba7-11 made me search for more makere glyphs, and I found one more example, and I thereafter added both makere glyphs to the vocabulary of Metoro:

Eb7-33
te makere

In Barthel 2 we find information about makere:

"... Teke said to Oti, 'Go and take the hauhau tree, the paper mulberry tree, rushes, tavari plants, uku koko grass, riku ferns, ngaoho plants, the toromiro tree, hiki kioe plants (Cyperus vegetus), the sandalwood tree, harahara plants, pua nakonako plants, nehenehe ferns, hua taru grass, poporo plants, bottle gourds (ipu ngutu), kohe plants, kavakava atua ferns, fragrant tuere heu grass, tureme grass (Diochelachne sciurea), matie grass, and the two kinds of cockroaches makere and hata.'

Oti and all his assistants went and took the hauhau tree with them. All kinds of things (i.e., plants) and insects were taken along ..."

We haver earlier noted how the plants evidently were arranged (according to manuscript E and Barthel) into a system structured as 7 * 4 = 28:

 

I (food)

II (textiles)

III (constructions)

IV (receptacles)

A

uhi

hauhau

toromiro

poporo

B

kumara

mahute

hiki kioe

ipu ngutu

C

maika

ngaatu

naunau

kohe

D

taro

tavari

harahara

kavakava atua

E

ti

uku koko

pua nakonako

tuere heu

F

kape

riku

nehenehe

tureme

G

toa

ngaoho

hua taru

matie

The first 6 plants (A-F in the first column) were enumerated earlier in the text of manuscript E, while toa (sugarcane) was added as a last item in the inventory.

The insects (makere and hata) completes the cycle of the month, representing the dark nights of new moon.

"... The division into quarters of a 28-series can be applied to the main phases of the moon during the visible period as well as to a (reflex of the old world?) sidereal month.

The separate subgroup (29 makere - 30 hata) consists of the names of two types of cockroaches, but in related eastern Polynesian languages these names can also be explained on a different level. MAO. makere, among others, 'to die', and whata, among others, 'to be laid to rest on a platform', deserve special attention.

The theme hinted at is one of death and burial. In our scheme they occur at just that time when the moon 'has died'! This lends further support to the lunar thesis." (Barthel 2)

I reflect. First: There is no indication in the Mamari moon calendar of any 'insects' nor of Metoro having seen any:

Ca5-9 Ca5-10 Ca5-11 Ca5-12
te hokohuki erua te marama te maitaki
Ca5-13 Ca5-14 Ca5-15 Ca5-16
te henua kua haga te mea ke manu puoko i tona ahi kua heu te huki
Ca5-17 Ca5-18 Ca5-19 Ca5-20
hakahagana te honu tagata moe hakarava hia ka moe hakapekaga mai
Ca5-21 Ca5-22 Ca5-23 Ca5-24
te Rei te manu te henua tuu te rima i ruga
Ca8-22 Ca8-23 Ca8-24 Ca8-25
tagata i te marama koia ra ki te marama ku hakarava
Ca8-26 Ca8-27 Ca8-28 Ca8-29
te ahi ki te rima aueue - te ika tupu te ure o te henua erua kiore
Ca9-1 Ca9-2 Ca9-3 Ca9-4
Te marama erua koia kua oho ki te vai
Ca9-5 Ca9-6 Ca9-7 Ca9-8
kua moe ku hakaraoa e rima no ona ku tupu te poporo

Secondly: I remember vai o hata:

Aa2-1 Aa2-2 Aa2-3 Aa2-4 Aa2-5 Aa2-6 Aa2-7 Aa2-8
Ko te ohoga i vai ohata eko te nuku erua - no te tagata vero tahi ma te hupee ka pu te ipu ka pu - i te mahigo

Barthel has suggested  'to be laid to rest on a platform' (Ma. whata) as a possible reading for the very last part of a month. At the same time hata is a kind of cockroach. I imagine that the dry status of rustling cockroaches is the goal for those who have laid the dead body on the platform:

A month lasts 29 ½ nights and Te Pito O Te Kainga A Hau Maka therefore is the difference between 29 ½ and 28, a time when the moon is invisible. The dark period comes last in the month. Easter Island is the 8th and last of the islands (te varu kaiga). In the week Saturday is the dark day, coming at the end. Ab8-43 is located at the end of the text, immediately following the 42nd glyph in the 8th line:

Ab8-43

Ab8-44

Ab8-45

Ab8-46

Ab8-47

o te pito motu

ihe tau

e i te tahiri - ka hauhaua

ki tona marama

iheihe tuu ma te toga

The meaning of varu (8) is worth looking at:

Varu

1. To cut one's hair (te puoko). 2. To shave. 3. To paint, to put on make-up: he varu te kiea. Varu a-roto, to have diarrhoea. Vanaga.

1. Eight. 2. To shave, to remove the beard, to shear, to clip, to rasp, a plane. Varuvaru, to peel, to remove the bark, to plane, to scrape, to shear. Churchill.

Varua

Spirit, soul; sleep, dream. This is a Tahitian word, but the same term may have been used in ancient times. Vanaga.

We should remember how in Bierbach the accumulated evidence connected varua with mummification and how the hair was removed (varu), the body fluids drained (varu a-roto) and after a period of 2 months it was make-up time (he varu te kiea):

.. Embalming is known and practised with surprising skill in one particular family of chiefs. Unlike the Egyptian method, as described by Herodotus, it is performed in Samoa exclusively by women. The viscera being removed and buried, they, day after day, anoint the body with a mixture of oil and aromatic juices. To let the fluids escape, they continue to puncture the body all over with fine needles.

In about two months, the process of desiccation is completed. The hair, which had been cut and laid aside at the commencement of the operation, is now glued carefully on to the scalp by a resin from the bush. The abdomen is filled up with folds of native cloth; the body is wrapped up with folds of the same material, and laid out on a mat, leaving the hands, face, and head exposed ...

They continually puncture the body all over with fine needles. Yet I think it is rather farfetched to allude via choking on a fishbone (Ca9-6):

Raoa

Pau.: To choke on a fishbone. Mgv.: roa, a bone stuck in the throat. Ta.: raoa, to choke on a bone. Sa.: laoa, to have something lodged in the throat. Ma.: raoa, to be choked. Churchill.

Ku

Verbal prefix, used for past events the effects of which are still lasting. The verb then takes the suffix -ana which is very often contracted to . In familiar conversation the prefix -ku is often omitted and only the suffix is used. Vanaga.

1. I; kia ku, me. 2. Verb sign: ku ohoa, to keep out of the way, absence; ku higaa, convinced; ku taie te tai, to overflow, to go beyond; ku magaro, to reconcile. 3. ? tae he mau ku hoao, abundance. 4. Akaku, to be moved, affected; hakaku, to groan. Mgv.: ku, an exclamation, a cry used when one has hit the mark aimed at. Mq.: ú, an exclamation of sorrow. 5. Gaoku, to eat greedily. Mgv.: ku, to be satiated, glutted. Churchill.

Ca9-4--5 is, though, similar to Aa2-2--3. There is vai and there is a bend. Maybe, after the body fluids of the sun have been drained he has a single rim?

I have now inserted a hyperlink with the label makere leading to the takaure page, where all the insect glyphs (as defined by Metoro) are assembled.

Next logical step is to assemble a page also for the hata glyphs. It proves to be rather easy, only four instances can be found:

Bb5-2 Aa2-2 Aa2-20 Ca3-24
kua hahata ia te vaha ona i vai ohata i vai to hata Rei hata ia

No glyphs of the takaure type are near these hata glyphs. Insects are not depicted here.

The very small marks at bottom left in Aa2-2 and Aa2-20 may be fishbones, though, which could illustrate how the fluid is being tapped from the 'bowl'.

As to to hata it seems to be an ancient formulation:

To

1. Particle sometimes used with the article in ancient legends; i uto to te hau, the ribbon was in the float. 2. To rise (of the sun) during the morning hours up to the zenith: he-to te raá. Vanaga.

1. Of. T Pau., Ta.: to, of. Mgv.: to, genitive sign. Mq.: to, of, for. 2. This, which. Churchill.

I think there are similarities between the glyphs around Bb5-2 and those around Ca9-6 (ku hakaraoa):

Bb4-42 Bb5-1 Bb5-2 Bb5-3 Bb5-4
kua hakaroa Ki te manu gutu roaroa kua hahata ia te vaha ona mai tae tanu hia te tau moko e manu rere

 

Roa

Long: haga roa, long bay, wide beach; ara roa râkei, wide, neat path. Roaroa, long, tall, far, distant: tagata roaroa, tall man; kaiga roaroa, distant land; roaroa tahaga, middle finger. Vanaga.

Long, large, extent; roaroa, to grow, height; mea roaroa, a long while; roaroa tahaga, middle finger; roaroa ke, infinite (time and space); roroa, far, distant, thin, to grow tall; tagata roroa, giant; roroa ke, immense; arero roroa, to rapport, to tell; vanaga roroa, to chatter, babbler; vare roroa, driveller; hakaroa, to lengthen, to defer; hakaroaroa, to lengthen, to develop; hakaroroa, to extend, prolong, defer, lengthen; roaga, distance, extent, size, length, distant, long. Churchill.

Maybe there is a complex wordplay here, between hakaraoa, made 'fed up', hakaroa, to make long (like the stay of sun at winter solstice, marua-roa, 'long pit'),  gutu roaroa, long lips (suggested also by the mouth in Bb5-2) and ora, December-January (etc):

Ora

1. Healthy; to recover, to be saved (from an illness or a danger): ku-ora-á, ina kai mate, he recovered, he did not die; ku-ora-á te haoa, the wound has healed; e-ora-no-á, he is still alive; ora-hakaou mai, to come back to life; ora ké, what a pleasant breeze! (lit: how healthy!). 2. Stick for spinning top (made from the shell of a sandalwood nut) with which children make the top spin. Vanaga.

1. December, January. Ora nui, November, October. 2. To live, to exist, to draw breath, to survive, to subsist, to be well, healthy, safe, to refresh, a pause, rest, ease; e ko ora, incurable; ora tuhai, previous existence; ora iho, to resuscitate, to revive; ora nui, vigorous; oraga, life, existence; oraga roaroa, oraga roaroa ke, oraga ina kai mou, immortality; oraga kore, lifeless; oraga mau, oraga ihoiho, vivacious; oraora, oraora no iti, to be better; hakaora, to draw breath, to revive, to strengthen, healthy, to sanctify, to animate, to save, to repose, to cure, to rest, to comfort, to assuage; hakaora ina kai mou, to immortalize; hakaoratagata, Messiah, Saviour. 3. To give water to; kua ora te kevare, to water a horse; hakaunu ora, to water. 4. To staunch, to stop the flow of a liquid. 5. To make an escape; hakaora, to discharge, to deliver, to set free. 6. To be awake (probably ara); hakaora to guard. 7. A zephyr, light wind; kona ora, a breezy spot; ahau ora, agreeable breeze. Churchill.

Ola, life, health, well-being, living, livelihood, means of support, salvation; alive, living; curable, spared, recovered, healed; to live; to spare, save, heal, grant life, survive, thrive. Ola loa, long life, longevity, Ola 'ana, life, existence. Wehewehe.

The explorers reach Easter Island in a 'canoe' (vaka). The name of their craft is given as Oraorangaru 'saved from the billows' (Brown 1924:40) or Te Oraora-miro 'the living-wood' (ME:58). The Routledge reference 'Each (man went) on a piece of wood' (RM:278) also seems to refer to the name of the canoe. As far back as 1934, the name was no longer understood. I favor the following explanation: The difficulty in interpreting the name of the canoe of the explorers arises from the name segment oraora. To being with, the compound form oraora ngaru should be analyzed in comparison with other Polynesian compounds, such as MAO. pare-ngaru 'that which fends off the waves' (i.e., the hull of the boat), TAH. tere-'aru 'that which moves through the waves' (i.e., riding the waves on a board). There are several possible translations for oraora as the reduplication of ora. Te Oraora Miro can be translated as 'the pieces of wood, tightly lashed together' (compare TAH. oraora 'to set close together, to fit parts of a canoe') and be taken to refer to the method of construction of the explorer canoe, while Oraora Ngaru means 'that which parts the water like a wedge', or 'that which saves (one) from the waves, that which is stronger that the waves'." (Barthel 2)

Churchill has identified Ora-nui with December-January. Maybe, indeed, there once was a single long month with the name Ora-nui. But why December-January? I guess hora and ora means about the same thing.

... The modern calendar of Easter Island has two autumn months Vaitu nui (April) and Vaitu poru (May). Equally, there are two early spring months with similar names: Hora iti (August) and Hora nui (September). Probably there once were only 10 months and 12 names was introduced by splitting up the old months Vaitu and Hora. The sense in Vaitu, I guess, is 'water' (vai) at the backside (tu'a). The old name may have been Vaitu'a, '(the) water at the backside (of the) year'. The front (ra'e) side will then be the Hora side, the time when sun is advancing upwards ...

In Bb4-42 we have the last glyph in line b4 and the combination 4-42 suggests final indeed, the last quarter and beyond 42 there will be a kind of rebirth. Bb5-3 with the famous tanu te tau moko, bury the stone lizard, points to the season when

...  on amassait des vivres, on faisait fête. On emmaillotait un corail, pierre de défunt lezard, on l'enterrait, tanu. Cette cérémonie était un point de départ pour beacoup d'affaires, notamment de vacances pour le chant des tablettes ou de la priére, tanu i te tau moko o tana pure, enterrer la pierre sépulcrale de lézard de sa prière ...

Tanu

To cover something in the ground with stones or soil; to bury a corpse; tanu kopú, to bury completely; this expression is mostly used figuratively: ka-tanu kopú te vânaga tuai era, ina ekó mana'u hakaou, forget those old stories, don't think of them again. Vanaga.

To bury, to plant, to sow seed, to inter, to implant, to conceal; tagata tanukai, farmer; tanuaga, burial; tanuaga papaku, funeral; tanuga, plantation; tanuhaga, funeral, tomb. P Pau.: tanu, to cultivate. Mgv.: tanu, to plant, to bury. Mq.: tanu, to plant, to sow. Ta.: tanu, to plant, to sow, to bury. Churchill.

In the B text I have identified these five glyphs as moko (GD87):

 

Ba8-19 Ba8-20 Ba8-43 Bb1-24 Bb5-3

At Bb1-24 Metoro said kua hupe and that leads me to the following passage in Barthel 2:

"Chicken played an important role even in death ceremonies. When a birdman (tangata manu) died, five roosters were tied to each leg, and so strong was the taboo attached to them that only another birdman could remove them (ME:339). One recitation mentions one black hen and one small red hen in connection with the placing of the corpse on the platform during the death ceremonies (Barthel 1960:854; or differently, Campbell 1971:404). For further details regarding this theme, we are indebted to the Metoro chants:

hupee hia

flooded with tears

ko te moa pu

[see below]

ka tuu i te tonga

when the wooden platform has been erected

ko te moa tengetenge

[see below]

i te tangata moe

for the sleeping man (i.e., the dead one)

ko te moa uha pu

[see below]

ki te vae

on whose leg (are)

 

 

 (Barthel 1958:180) 

The three names mentioned at the end, which belong to chickens tied to the legs of the corpse, can be only partially interpreted. Moa uha pu seems to refer to a laying hen. Moa tengetenge is difficult to translate; my informants understood it to mean 'un gallo que siempre se mueve'. The same term appears in the Metoro chants parallel with a 'bird who lifts himself toward the sky and the abundance of rain' (manu huki ki te rangi ma te ua roa) or to a 'bird who inclines toward the stars' (ko te manu noe mai ki te hetu). This suggests the idea of a soul bird or a companion in the realm of the dead. Moa pu is mentioned in a different context, together with the red tapa that also plays a role in the death ceremonies. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the dead person lying on the platform is compared to a 'rooster, who flies toward the stars' (moa rere hetuu). Here the night sky is an allusion to the world beyond."

The 'chant' Barthel refers to is the following:

Bb8-39 Bb8-40 Bb8-41 Bb8-42
ai ka topa te Raa i te hokohuki - ka hua ia mai tae atu ki te tagata - hupee hia ka tuu i te toga
Sun is bending down (topa), which is followed by a new fruit (hua). Tanu means both 'to bury' and 'to plant'.
Bb9-1 Bb9-2 Bb9-3 Bb9-4
I te tagata moe ki to vae ko te moa pu - ko te moa tegetege - ko te moa uha pu
Bb9-5 Bb9-6 Bb9-7 Bb9-8
e tagata ia - ku oho mai ki to rima e manu rere - ki to huki E Rei vage rua
The head in Bb9-5 is a vero sign, no light. Bb9-7 is a kind of dry insect (pepe) bird.
Bb9-9 Bb9-10 Bb9-11 Bb9-12
ko te tagata kua oho - kua tagi mai ki te vai ko te Rei kua huki ku hoti i te vai
At 9-9 to lament, to cry (tagi), maybe leads to vai in form of tears. In Bb9-12 the same vai (presumably) has developed further.
Bb9-13 Bb9-14 Bb9-15 Bb9-16
mai ai i te Rei ma te hokohuki mai tagi ai i te ka viri te vai
More crying (tagi) and a further development in Bb9-15 (the numbers say 'full moon'). Then a clew (viri) is reached.
Bb9-17 Bb9-18 Bb9-19 Bb9-20
mai i haga ia - koia - hakahumu i te vai - kia ki tata
The body seems to be dry and finished at Bb9-17 (toa). 6+6 marks at Bb9-18 indicate 12 periods of a solar 'year'
20 in Bb9-20 marks a fulfillment, which also is confirmed by the fact that the following glyphs belong to 'another story'.
At Ba9-18--19 we read hakahumu i te vai, and why not translate by way of the Ha.: humu, to fasten together by sewing (the now completely desiccated mummy).

Bb9-19 is probably humu in hakahumu, and we can compare with the glyph type humu (GD93):

Although it all becomes very long and complicated it is now necessary to proceed with another hupe(e) story in B.