TRANSLATIONS
GD17 glyphs at
which Metoro neither said honu,
tagata nor tamaiti:
The takaure
glyph type will be GD95. In the same manner as
when GD94 (vero) will be integrated with
the rest of the dictionary I do not intend to
delete the corresponding glyphs (from GD17
respectively GD22). The more general identifying
characteristics needed to classify glyphs
according to how they look will remains as
earlier and the glyph catalogue will not be
changed to include new glyph types added in the
glyph dictionary.
I have here
red-marked three glyphs (Ca6-14, Ea9-11 and
Eb7-23) which do not appear among the 98 glyphs
above. I could have classified Ea9-11 as
GD17, but not the other two glyphs. As it is,
Ea9-11 has been classified among 'glyphs which
seem to be partly destroyed and cannot be
identified'. There is no reason to change that
although Metoro probably is correct in
suggesting takaure for the glyph.
Ca6-14 and Eb7-23
will not be included among the takaure
(GD95) glyphs. The classification for the
extended part of the dictionary (GD91 etc) must
be based on how glyphs look and not on the
words of Metoro.
On the other hand,
Ba7-11 and Ca6-13 - which appear redmarked among
the 98 glyphs above - must be considered to
belong to GD95:
|
Ba7-11 |
kua haga ko te
makere |
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Ca6-11 |
Ca6-12 |
Ca6-13 |
Ca6-14 |
Ca6-15 |
Ca6-16 |
te heheu ke -
te niu kua huri |
ki te vai |
manu teketeke
ki ruga |
takaure |
kua aha te
takaure |
i te henua ma
te rima |
In C the situation
is complicated. I have classified Ca6-13 and
Ca6-15 as GD95, while Metoro has
mentioned takaure at Ca6-14. Is Ca6-14 a
kind of insect with 4 + 5 = 9 legs?
Interesting is how in Ca6-12 vai appears
immediately before the sequence Ca6-13--15. I
have guessed that the takaure glyph type
represent spring sun in some incarnation and
when sun now appears (as vai) we have a
kind of confirmation. We should also note the
sun eye in Ca6-13.
In
Ca6-11 niu has two creatures dangling,
maybe the 1st 'year' and the 2nd 'year'?
The key word
makere in Ba7-11 made me search for more
makere glyphs, and I found one more example,
and I thereafter added both makere glyphs
to the vocabulary of Metoro:
|
Eb7-33 |
te
makere |
In Barthel 2 we
find information about makere:
"...
Teke said to Oti, 'Go and take the
hauhau tree, the paper mulberry tree,
rushes, tavari plants, uku koko
grass, riku ferns, ngaoho plants,
the toromiro tree, hiki kioe
plants (Cyperus vegetus), the sandalwood
tree, harahara plants, pua nakonako
plants, nehenehe ferns, hua taru
grass, poporo plants, bottle gourds (ipu
ngutu), kohe plants, kavakava atua
ferns, fragrant tuere heu grass,
tureme grass (Diochelachne sciurea),
matie grass, and the two kinds of
cockroaches makere and hata.'
Oti and all his assistants went and took the
hauhau tree with them. All kinds of
things (i.e., plants) and insects were taken
along ..."
We haver earlier
noted how the plants evidently were arranged
(according to manuscript E and Barthel) into a
system structured as 7 * 4 = 28:
|
I (food) |
II (textiles) |
III (constructions) |
IV (receptacles) |
A |
uhi |
hauhau |
toromiro |
poporo |
B |
kumara |
mahute |
hiki kioe |
ipu ngutu |
C |
maika |
ngaatu |
naunau |
kohe |
D |
taro |
tavari |
harahara |
kavakava atua |
E |
ti |
uku koko |
pua nakonako |
tuere heu |
F |
kape |
riku |
nehenehe |
tureme |
G |
toa |
ngaoho |
hua taru |
matie |
The first 6 plants (A-F in
the first column) were enumerated earlier in the
text of manuscript E, while toa
(sugarcane) was added as a last item in the
inventory.
The insects (makere
and hata) completes the cycle of the
month, representing the dark nights of new moon.
"...
The division into quarters of a 28-series can be
applied to the main phases of the moon during
the visible period as well as to a (reflex of the
old world?) sidereal month.
The
separate subgroup (29 makere - 30 hata) consists
of the names of two types of cockroaches, but in
related eastern Polynesian languages these names
can also be explained on a different level. MAO.
makere, among others, 'to die', and
whata, among others, 'to be laid to rest on
a platform', deserve special attention.
The
theme hinted at is one of death and burial. In
our scheme they occur at just that time when the
moon 'has died'! This lends further support to
the lunar thesis." (Barthel 2)
I reflect. First:
There is no indication in the Mamari moon
calendar of any 'insects' nor of Metoro
having seen any:
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Ca5-9 |
Ca5-10 |
Ca5-11 |
Ca5-12 |
te hokohuki
erua |
te marama |
te maitaki |
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Ca5-13 |
Ca5-14 |
Ca5-15 |
Ca5-16 |
te henua |
kua haga te
mea ke |
manu puoko i
tona ahi |
kua heu te
huki |
|
|
|
|
Ca5-17 |
Ca5-18 |
Ca5-19 |
Ca5-20 |
hakahagana te
honu |
tagata moe
hakarava hia |
ka moe |
hakapekaga mai |
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|
|
|
Ca5-21 |
Ca5-22 |
Ca5-23 |
Ca5-24 |
te Rei |
te manu |
te henua |
tuu te rima i
ruga |
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|
|
Ca8-22 |
Ca8-23 |
Ca8-24 |
Ca8-25 |
tagata i
te marama |
koia ra |
ki te
marama |
ku
hakarava |
|
|
|
|
Ca8-26 |
Ca8-27 |
Ca8-28 |
Ca8-29 |
te ahi ki
te rima aueue - te ika |
tupu te
ure o te henua |
erua kiore |
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Ca9-1 |
Ca9-2 |
Ca9-3 |
Ca9-4 |
Te marama
erua |
koia kua
oho |
ki te vai |
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|
|
|
Ca9-5 |
Ca9-6 |
Ca9-7 |
Ca9-8 |
kua moe |
ku
hakaraoa |
e rima no
ona |
ku tupu te
poporo |
Secondly: I
remember vai o hata:
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Aa2-1 |
Aa2-2 |
Aa2-3 |
Aa2-4 |
Aa2-5 |
Aa2-6 |
Aa2-7 |
Aa2-8 |
Ko te ohoga |
i vai
ohata |
eko te nuku erua -
no te tagata |
vero tahi |
ma te hupee |
ka pu te ipu |
ka pu - i te mahigo |
Barthel has
suggested 'to be laid to rest on a
platform' (Ma. whata) as a possible
reading for the very last part of a month. At
the same time hata is a kind of
cockroach. I imagine that the dry status of
rustling cockroaches is the goal for those who
have laid the dead body on the platform:
A month lasts 29 ½
nights and Te Pito O Te Kainga A
Hau Maka therefore is the
difference between 29 ½ and 28, a
time when the moon is invisible.
The dark period comes last in the
month. Easter Island is the 8th and
last of the islands (te varu
kaiga). In the week Saturday is
the dark day, coming at the end.
Ab8-43 is located at the end of the
text, immediately following the 42nd
glyph in the 8th line:
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Ab8-43 |
Ab8-44 |
Ab8-45 |
Ab8-46 |
Ab8-47 |
o te pito motu |
ihe tau |
e i te tahiri - ka
hauhaua |
ki tona marama |
iheihe tuu ma te toga |
The meaning of varu (8) is
worth looking at:
Varu
1. To cut one's hair (te
puoko). 2. To shave.
3. To paint, to put on
make-up: he varu te
kiea. Varu a-roto,
to have diarrhoea.
Vanaga.
1. Eight. 2. To shave,
to remove the beard, to
shear, to clip, to rasp,
a plane. Varuvaru,
to peel, to remove the
bark, to plane, to
scrape, to shear.
Churchill. |
Varua
Spirit, soul; sleep,
dream. This is a
Tahitian word, but the
same term may have been
used in ancient times.
Vanaga. |
We should remember how in Bierbach
the accumulated evidence connected
varua with mummification and
how the hair was removed (varu),
the body fluids drained (varu
a-roto) and after a period of 2
months it was make-up time (he
varu te kiea):
.. Embalming is known
and practised with
surprising skill in one
particular family of
chiefs. Unlike the
Egyptian method, as
described by Herodotus,
it is performed in Samoa
exclusively by women.
The viscera being
removed and buried,
they, day after day,
anoint the body with a
mixture of oil and
aromatic juices. To let
the fluids escape, they
continue to puncture the
body all over with fine
needles.
In about two months, the
process of desiccation
is completed. The hair,
which had been cut and
laid aside at the
commencement of the
operation, is now glued
carefully on to the
scalp by a resin from
the bush. The abdomen is
filled up with folds of
native cloth; the body
is wrapped up with folds
of the same material,
and laid out on a mat,
leaving the hands, face,
and head exposed ... |
|
They continually
puncture the body all over with fine needles.
Yet I think it is rather farfetched to allude
via choking on a fishbone (Ca9-6):
Raoa
Pau.: To choke on a fishbone. Mgv.: roa, a bone
stuck in the throat. Ta.: raoa, to choke on a bone. Sa.: laoa,
to have something lodged in the throat. Ma.: raoa,
to be choked.
Churchill. |
Ku
Verbal prefix,
used for past events the effects
of which are still lasting. The
verb then takes the suffix
-ana which is very often
contracted to -á . In
familiar conversation the prefix
-ku is often omitted and
only the suffix -á is
used. Vanaga.
1. I; kia
ku, me. 2. Verb sign: ku
ohoa, to keep out of the
way, absence; ku higaa,
convinced; ku taie te tai,
to overflow, to go beyond; ku
magaro, to reconcile. 3. ?
tae he mau ku hoao,
abundance. 4. Akaku, to
be moved, affected; hakaku,
to groan. Mgv.: ku, an
exclamation, a cry used when one
has hit the mark aimed at. Mq.:
ú, an exclamation of
sorrow. 5. Gaoku, to eat
greedily. Mgv.: ku, to be
satiated, glutted. Churchill. |
Ca9-4--5 is, though, similar to Aa2-2--3. There
is vai and there is a bend. Maybe, after
the body fluids of the sun have been drained he
has a single rim?
I have now inserted
a hyperlink with the label makere leading
to the takaure page, where all the insect
glyphs (as defined by Metoro) are
assembled.
Next logical step
is to assemble a page also for the hata
glyphs. It proves to be rather easy, only four
instances can be found:
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Bb5-2 |
Aa2-2 |
Aa2-20 |
Ca3-24 |
kua hahata
ia te vaha ona |
i vai ohata |
i vai
to hata |
Rei
hata ia |
No glyphs of the
takaure type are near these hata
glyphs. Insects are not depicted here.
The
very small marks at bottom left in Aa2-2 and
Aa2-20 may be fishbones, though, which could
illustrate how the fluid is being tapped from
the 'bowl'.
As
to to hata it seems to be an ancient
formulation:
To 1.
Particle sometimes used with the
article in ancient legends; i uto
to te hau, the ribbon was in the
float. 2. To rise (of the sun)
during the morning hours up to the
zenith: he-to te raá. Vanaga.
1. Of. T Pau.,
Ta.: to, of. Mgv.: to,
genitive sign. Mq.: to, of,
for. 2. This, which. Churchill. |
I think there are
similarities between the glyphs around
Bb5-2 and those around Ca9-6 (ku hakaraoa):
Roa
Long: haga roa, long bay,
wide beach; ara roa râkei,
wide, neat path. Roaroa,
long, tall, far, distant: tagata
roaroa, tall man; kaiga
roaroa, distant land; roaroa
tahaga, middle finger. Vanaga.
Long, large,
extent; roaroa, to grow,
height; mea roaroa, a long
while; roaroa tahaga, middle
finger; roaroa ke, infinite
(time and space); roroa, far,
distant, thin, to grow tall;
tagata roroa, giant; roroa ke,
immense; arero roroa, to
rapport, to tell; vanaga roroa,
to chatter, babbler; vare roroa,
driveller; hakaroa, to
lengthen, to defer; hakaroaroa,
to lengthen, to develop;
hakaroroa, to extend, prolong,
defer, lengthen; roaga,
distance, extent, size, length,
distant, long. Churchill. |
Maybe there is a complex
wordplay here, between hakaraoa,
made 'fed up', hakaroa,
to make long (like the stay of sun at
winter solstice, marua-roa, 'long
pit'), gutu roaroa,
long lips (suggested also by the mouth
in Bb5-2) and ora,
December-January (etc):
Ora
1.
Healthy; to recover, to be
saved (from an
illness or a danger):
ku-ora-á, ina kai mate,
he recovered,
he
did not die;
ku-ora-á te haoa, the
wound has healed;
e-ora-no-á, he is still
alive; ora-hakaou mai,
to come back to life;
ora ké, what a
pleasant breeze! (lit: how
healthy!). 2.
Stick
for spinning top
(made from the shell of a
sandalwood nut) with which
children make the top spin.
Vanaga.
1.
December, January. Ora nui,
November, October.
2. To live, to exist, to
draw breath, to survive, to
subsist, to be well,
healthy, safe, to refresh, a
pause, rest, ease; e ko
ora, incurable; ora
tuhai, previous
existence; ora iho,
to resuscitate, to revive;
ora nui, vigorous;
oraga, life, existence;
oraga roaroa, oraga
roaroa ke, oraga ina
kai mou, immortality;
oraga kore, lifeless;
oraga mau, oraga
ihoiho, vivacious;
oraora, oraora no iti,
to be better; hakaora,
to draw breath, to revive,
to strengthen, healthy, to
sanctify, to animate, to
save, to repose, to cure, to
rest, to comfort, to
assuage; hakaora ina kai
mou, to immortalize;
hakaoratagata, Messiah,
Saviour. 3. To give water
to; kua ora te kevare,
to water a horse; hakaunu
ora, to water. 4. To
staunch, to stop the flow of
a liquid. 5. To make an
escape; hakaora, to
discharge, to deliver, to
set free. 6. To be awake
(probably ara);
hakaora to guard. 7. A
zephyr, light wind; kona
ora, a breezy spot;
ahau ora, agreeable
breeze. Churchill.
Ola,
life, health, well-being,
living, livelihood, means of
support, salvation; alive,
living; curable, spared,
recovered, healed; to live;
to spare, save, heal, grant
life, survive, thrive.
Ola loa, long life,
longevity, Ola 'ana,
life, existence. Wehewehe.
The
explorers reach Easter
Island in a 'canoe' (vaka).
The name of their craft is
given as Oraorangaru
'saved from the billows'
(Brown 1924:40) or
Te
Oraora-miro
'the living-wood' (ME:58).
The Routledge reference
'Each (man went) on a piece
of wood' (RM:278) also seems
to refer to the name of the
canoe. As far back as 1934,
the name was no longer
understood. I favor the
following explanation: The
difficulty in interpreting
the name of the canoe of the
explorers arises from the
name segment oraora.
To being with, the compound
form oraora ngaru
should be analyzed in
comparison with other
Polynesian compounds, such
as MAO. pare-ngaru
'that which fends off the
waves' (i.e., the hull of
the boat), TAH. tere-'aru
'that which moves through
the waves' (i.e., riding the
waves on a board). There are
several possible
translations for oraora
as the reduplication of
ora. Te Oraora Miro
can be translated as 'the
pieces of wood, tightly
lashed together' (compare
TAH. oraora 'to set
close together, to fit parts
of a canoe') and be taken to
refer to the method of
construction of the explorer
canoe, while Oraora Ngaru
means 'that which parts the
water like a wedge', or
'that which saves (one) from
the waves, that which is
stronger that the waves'."
(Barthel 2) |
Churchill has
identified Ora-nui with
December-January. Maybe, indeed, there
once was a single long month with the
name Ora-nui. But why
December-January? I guess hora
and ora means about the same
thing.
... The modern calendar of
Easter Island has two autumn
months Vaitu nui
(April) and Vaitu poru
(May). Equally, there
are two early spring months
with similar names: Hora
iti (August) and Hora
nui (September).
Probably there once were
only 10 months and 12
names was introduced by
splitting up the old months
Vaitu and Hora.
The sense in Vaitu, I
guess, is 'water' (vai)
at the backside (tu'a).
The old name may have been
Vaitu'a, '(the) water
at the backside (of the)
year'. The front (ra'e)
side will then be the
Hora side, the time when
sun is advancing upwards ... |
In
Bb4-42 we have the last glyph in line b4 and the
combination 4-42 suggests final indeed, the last
quarter and beyond 42 there will be a kind of
rebirth. Bb5-3 with the famous tanu te tau
moko, bury the stone lizard, points to the
season when
...
on amassait des vivres, on faisait fête. On
emmaillotait un corail, pierre de défunt lezard,
on l'enterrait, tanu. Cette cérémonie
était un point de départ pour beacoup
d'affaires, notamment de vacances pour le chant
des tablettes ou de la priére, tanu i te tau
moko o tana pure, enterrer la pierre
sépulcrale de lézard de sa prière ...
Tanu To
cover something in the ground with
stones or soil; to bury a corpse;
tanu kopú, to bury completely;
this expression is mostly used
figuratively: ka-tanu kopú te
vânaga tuai era, ina ekó mana'u
hakaou, forget those old
stories, don't think of them again.
Vanaga.
To bury, to plant,
to sow seed, to inter, to implant,
to conceal; tagata tanukai,
farmer; tanuaga, burial;
tanuaga papaku, funeral;
tanuga, plantation; tanuhaga,
funeral, tomb. P Pau.: tanu,
to cultivate. Mgv.: tanu, to
plant, to bury. Mq.: tanu, to
plant, to sow. Ta.: tanu, to
plant, to sow, to bury. Churchill. |
In the
B text I have identified these five glyphs
as moko (GD87):
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Ba8-19 |
Ba8-20 |
Ba8-43 |
Bb1-24 |
Bb5-3 |
At Bb1-24 Metoro said
kua hupe and that leads me to the following
passage in Barthel 2:
"Chicken played an important role
even in death ceremonies. When a
birdman (tangata manu) died,
five roosters were tied to each leg,
and so strong was the taboo attached
to them that only another birdman
could remove them (ME:339). One
recitation mentions one black hen
and one small red hen in connection
with the placing of the corpse on
the platform during the death
ceremonies (Barthel 1960:854; or
differently, Campbell 1971:404). For
further details regarding this
theme, we are indebted to the
Metoro chants:
hupee hia |
flooded with tears |
ko te moa pu |
[see below] |
ka tuu i te tonga |
when the wooden platform
has been erected |
ko te moa tengetenge |
[see below] |
i te tangata moe |
for the sleeping man
(i.e., the dead one) |
ko te moa uha pu |
[see below] |
ki te vae |
on whose leg (are) |
|
|
(Barthel 1958:180)
The three names mentioned at the
end, which belong to chickens tied
to the legs of the corpse, can be
only partially interpreted. Moa
uha pu seems to refer to a
laying hen. Moa tengetenge is
difficult to translate; my
informants understood it to mean 'un
gallo que siempre se mueve'.
The same term appears in the
Metoro chants parallel with a
'bird who lifts himself toward the
sky and the abundance of rain' (manu
huki ki te rangi ma te ua roa)
or to a 'bird who inclines toward
the stars' (ko te manu noe mai ki
te hetu).
This suggests the idea of a soul
bird or a companion in the realm of
the dead. Moa pu is mentioned
in a different context, together
with the red tapa that also plays a
role in the death ceremonies.
Furthermore, it should be mentioned
that the dead person lying on the
platform is compared to a 'rooster,
who flies toward the stars' (moa
rere hetuu). Here the night sky
is an allusion to the world beyond." |
The 'chant' Barthel refers to
is the following:
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Bb8-39 |
Bb8-40 |
Bb8-41 |
Bb8-42 |
ai ka
topa te Raa |
i te hokohuki - ka hua ia |
mai tae atu ki te tagata -
hupee
hia |
ka tuu i te toga |
Sun is bending down (topa),
which is followed by a new fruit (hua).
Tanu means both 'to bury' and
'to plant'. |
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Bb9-1 |
Bb9-2 |
Bb9-3 |
Bb9-4 |
I te tagata moe |
ki to vae |
ko te moa pu - ko
te moa tegetege - ko te moa uha pu |
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Bb9-5 |
Bb9-6 |
Bb9-7 |
Bb9-8 |
e tagata ia - ku
oho mai ki to rima |
e manu rere - ki to huki |
E Rei vage rua |
The head in Bb9-5 is
a vero
sign, no light. Bb9-7 is
a kind of dry insect (pepe)
bird. |
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Bb9-9 |
Bb9-10 |
Bb9-11 |
Bb9-12 |
ko te tagata kua oho - kua
tagi
mai ki te
vai |
ko te Rei |
kua huki |
ku hoti i te
vai |
At 9-9 to lament,
to cry (tagi), maybe leads to
vai in form of tears. In
Bb9-12 the same vai
(presumably) has developed further. |
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Bb9-13 |
Bb9-14 |
Bb9-15 |
Bb9-16 |
mai ai i te Rei |
ma te hokohuki |
mai tagi
ai i te |
ka viri
te vai |
More crying (tagi)
and a further development in Bb9-15
(the numbers say 'full moon'). Then
a clew (viri) is
reached. |
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Bb9-17 |
Bb9-18 |
Bb9-19 |
Bb9-20 |
mai i haga ia -
koia - hakahumu i te vai - kia ki
tata |
The body seems to be
dry and finished at Bb9-17 (toa).
6+6 marks at Bb9-18 indicate 12 periods of a solar
'year' |
20 in Bb9-20 marks
a fulfillment, which also is
confirmed by the fact that the following glyphs
belong to 'another story'. |
At Ba9-18--19 we read
hakahumu i te vai, and why
not translate by way of the Ha.:
humu, to fasten together by
sewing (the now completely
desiccated mummy). |
Bb9-19 is probably humu in
hakahumu, and we can compare with the
glyph type humu (GD93):
Although it all
becomes very long and complicated it is
now necessary to proceed with another hupe(e)
story in B.
|