next page previous page home

431. The distance from Spica to Vega (78 days) was mirrored at the other side of the sky by the distance from Sirrah to Rigel:

FEBR 5 (36) 6 (37 = 78 - 41) 7 (118 - 80)

... the Palenque scribes repeated Creation again and described it as 'it was made visible, the image at Lying-down-Sky, the First-Three-Stone-Place'. Then we learned that five hundred and forty-two days later (1.9.2 in the Maya system), Hun-Nal-Ye 'entered or became the sky' (och ta chan). This 'entering' event occurred on February 5, 3112 BC ...

Ca4-1 (77) Ca4-2 Ca4-3
kua tupu te rakau kua tupu - te kihikihi te hau tea
CLOSE TO THE FULL MOON:
μ Aurigae, μ Leporis (77.6)  ĸ Leporis (78.0), RIGEL (Foot) = β Orionis (78.1), Flaming Star = IC405 (78.2), CAPELLA = α Aurigae (78.4), ο Columbae, τ Orionis (78.8)

*37.0 = *78.4 - *41.4

THUBAN (α Draconis)

λ Aurigae (79.0), λ Leporis (79.6), ρ Aurigae (79.7)

ARCTURUS (α Bootis)

... In view of the almost universal prevalence of the Pleiades year throughout the Polynesian area it is surprising to find that in the South Island and certain parts of the North Island of New Zealand and in the neighboring Chatham Islands, the year began with the new Moon after the yearly morning rising, not of the Pleiades, but of the star Rigel in Orion ...

June 6 (157 = 314 / 2) 7 (*78) 8
'May 10 (*50 = *77 - * 27) 11 12 (132 = 118 + 14)
"April 26 (*36 = *77 - *41) 27 28 (118)
APRIL 3 (*13 = *77 - *64) 4 5 (95 = 118 - 23)
CLOSE TO THE SUN:
Dec 6 (340 = 157 + 183) 7 (*261 = *78 + *183) 8
NODUS I = ζ Draconis (260.0), π Herculis (260.7), RAS ALGETHI = α Herculis (260.8) SARIN = δ Herculis (261.0), ο Ophiuchi (261.4)

*220.0 = *261.4 - *41.4

ALRISHA (α Piscium)

ξ Ophiuchi (262.2), θ Ophiuchi, ν Serpentis, ζ, ι Apodis (262.4), ι Arae (262.8), ρ Herculis (262.9)

*221.0 = *262.4 - *41.4

Spica (202.7 = 0.5 + 202.2) 78.1 Vega (281.8 = 78.1 + 203.7)
JUNE 10 (161) 182 DEC 10 (344) 78 AUG 27 (240 = 281 - 41) 182 FEBR 27 (464 / 8) → π
Oct 9 (283) 180 April 8 (464) 77 Dec 27 (361 = *281) 180 June 26 (177 = 361 - 184)
"Aug 29 (241 = 161 + 80) 182 "Febr 26 (423) 78 "Oct 16 (320 = 361 - 41) 180 "May 16 (136 = 448 / 8 + 80)
AUG 6 (218 = 241 - 23) 182 FEBR 3 (400) 78 OCT 24 (297 = 361 - 64) 180 APRIL 23 (177 - 64 = 113)
Sirrah (0.5) 77.6 Rigel (78.1)
NOV 20 (324 = 404 - 80) 182 MAY 22 (142 = 183 - 41) 77 FEBR 6 (37 = 78 - 41) 182 AUG 8 (220 = 261 - 41)
March 21 (*365) 182 Sept 20 (263 = *183) 77 June 7 (158 = *78) 182 Dec 7 (*261 = 9 * 29)
"Febr 8 (*324) 182 "Aug 10 (222 = 142 + 80) 77 "April 27 (117 = 158 - 41) 182 "Oct 27 (300 = 341 - 41)
JAN 16 (*301 = *324 - *23) 182 JULY 18 (199) 77 APRIL 4 (94) 182 OCT 4 (277 = 300 - 23)

This implies there ought to be 365 - 2 * 79 = 207 days for the rest of the year - or rather by counting the year as 366 days with 1 day leaped over 3 out of every 4 years - 208 (= 2 * 104) days for the rest of the year. However, for some reason these 208 days were not distributed symmetrically:

84

Sirrah

Rigel

124

Spica

Vega

0

78

203

281

79

79

366

384 - 20 = 364.

no glyph
Ca1-1 Ca1-2 Ca1-3 Ca1-4 Ca1-5 Ca1-6
Sept 20 21 (264) Equinox 23 24 (183) 25 (*5 + *183) 26 (185)
"Aug 10 (222) 11 12 (265 - 41) 13 (15 * 15) 14 (227 = 268 - 41) 16 (*148)
CLOSE TO THE FULL MOON:

Al Fargh al Thāni-25 (Rear Spout)

0h (365.25)

CAPH (Hand) = β Cassiopeiae, SIRRAH (Navel of the Horse) = α Andromedae (0.5), ε Phoenicis, γ³ Oct. (0.8)

Uttara Bhādrapadā-27 (2nd of the Blessed Feet) / Wall-14 (Porcupine)

ο Oct. (1.3), ALGENIB PEGASI = γ Pegasi (1.8)
χ Pegasi (2.1), θ Andromedae (2.7) σ Andromedae (3.0), ι Ceti (3.3), ζ Tucanae (3.5), ρ Andromedae, π Tucanae (3.7) no star listed (4) ANKAA = α Phoenicis, κ Phoenicis (5.0)

ALPHARD (α Hydrae)

λ Phoenicis (6.3), β Tucanae (6.4)
CLOSE TO THE SUN:
ALCHITA = α Corvi, MA WEI (Tail of the Horse) = δ Centauri (183.1), MINKAR = ε Corvi (183.7), ρ Centauri (183.9) PÁLIDA (Pale) = δ Crucis (184.6), MEGREZ (Root of the Tail) = δ Ursae Majoris (184.9)

Hasta-13 (Hand) / Chariot-28 (Worm)

GIENAH (Wing) = γ Corvi (185.1), ε Muscae (185.2), ζ Crucis (185.4), ZANIAH (Corner) = η Virginis (185.9)

*144.0 = *185.4 - *41.4

CHANG SHA (Long Sand-bank) = ζ Corvi (186.3) INTROMETIDA (Inserted) = ε Crucis (187.4), ACRUX = α Crucis (187.5)

*146.0 = *187.4 - *41.4

γ Com. Berenicis (188.0), σ Centauri (188.1), ALGORAB = δ Corvi (188.5), GACRUX = γ Crucis (188.7) γ Muscae (189.0), AVIS SATYRA (Bird of the Satyrs) = η Corvi (189.3), ASTERION (Starry) = β Canum Ven. (189.5), KRAZ = β Corvi, κ Draconis (189.7)

... Raven gazed up and down the beach. It was pretty, but lifeless. There was no one about to upset, or play tricks upon. Raven sighed. He crossed his wings behind him and strutted up and down the sand, his shiny head cocked, his sharp eyes and ears alert for any unusual sight or sound. The mountains and the sea, the sky now ablaze with the sun by day and the moon and stars he had placed there, it was all pretty, but lifeless. Finally Raven cried out to the empty sky with a loud exasperated cry. And before the echoes of his cry faded from the shore, he heard a muffled squeak. He looked up and down the beach for its source and saw nothing. He strutted back and and forth, once, twice, three times and still saw nothing. Then he spied a flash of white in the sand. There, half buried in the sand was a giant clamshell. As his shadow fell upon it, he heard another muffled squeak. Peering down into the opening between the halves of the shell, he saw it was full of tiny creatures, cowering in fear at his shadow ...

I have assumed the Easter Islanders used calendar systems and other ideas transferred intact from their ancient homeland (Hiva) when naming the corresponding features after having arrived to their new homeland. It would be easy to look at the face of the Full Moon in order to deduce which stars defined the seasons of the Sun as found out by people north of the equator. Therefore day zero (0h) should be directly before the beginning of the text where γ Pegasi marked day 264 - i.e. the first day after 'the Year of the Horse' (from Sirrah, the Navel, up to and including her tail, Ma Wei), a season which seems to have stretched for 184 days of warm summer grasses.

... In north Asia the common mode of reckoning is in half-year, which are not to be regarded as such but form each one separately the highest unit of time: our informants term them 'winter year' and 'summer year'. Among the Tunguses the former comprises 6½ months, the latter 5, but the year is said to have 13 months; in Kamchatka each contains six months, the winter year beginning in November, the summer year in May; the Gilyaks on the other hand give five months to summer and seven to winter. The Yeneseisk Ostiaks reckon and name only the seven winter months, and not the summer months. This mode of reckoning seems to be a peculiarity of the far north: the Icelanders reckoned in misseri, half-years, not in whole years, and the rune-staves divide the year into a summer and a winter half, beginning on April 14 [4-14] and October 14 respectively. But in Germany too, when it was desired to denote the whole year, the combined phrase 'winter and summer' was employed, or else equivalent concrete expressions such as 'in bareness and in leaf', 'in straw and in grass' ...

... You are the one who shall stay here. We, on the other hand, have to turn around. Makoi replied, All right with me! Then Ira continued to speak to Makoi: Tomorrow, when it grows light, set out and name the places beginning with Apina. Makoi replied, How shall I give the names? Again Ira spoke, In Hiva are the names that are to be taken to name (the places of the new land). It grew light and Makoi got up. He set out and came to Apina. When he arrived there, he gave the name This is Apina Iti, this is Rapa Kura. He went on and came to Hanga O Ua. He gave the name This is Hanga O Ua of the Beautiful Wave (vave renga). Makoi went on, giving names, until he had made a (complete) circle around both sides (of the island). In Apina Nui a stone (maea) was erected, saying that the naming was done on a (round) trip during a single day ...

The Polynesians could not end a word with the consonant 'n' and therefore the famous APIN should have become Apina:

... Late in the afternoon or toward evening, when the sun is in the west, the rays strike the ornaments and the reflected light can be seen by canoes approaching the shore. To this day, the Easter Islanders have a well-developed system of fixed points along the shore that helps fishing boats determine their positions. Perhaps the 'beacons' of Ruhi Hepii and Pu were intended to focus on a point out at sea to the west of Apina, since this is the best landing site for (European) ships. However, this explanation is unsatisfactory primarily because the shining ornaments were intended as guides to voyagers from Polynesia. I would rather suspect that Ruhi Hepii and Pu were designations for two stars, which were essential in determining the proper sea route from the land of origin to Easter Island. The information, which was projected westward by the two 'beacons', only had to be applied to the proper season, and, with the help of the (heliacal) pattern of the rising stars, the route across the sea became fixed in the memory of the immigrants. Since 'adornment' (rei) is sometimes part of the name of a star (RAP. tuhi rei and rei atanga, Barthel 1962b:3), it could be considered a likely astronomic indicator ...

... Assyriologists have long been familiar with a number of cuneiform tablets which were preserved in the library of King Assurbanipal (Ashur-bāni-apli, -668 to -626) at Nineveh, but which date as to contents from the late -2nd millenium. These show diagrams of three concentric circles, divided into twelve sections by twelve radii. In each of the thirty-six fields thus obtained there are constellation-names and certain numbers, the significance of which has not yet been explained ... Much light has been thrown upon the diagrams by modern attempts at reconstruction and interpretation. Could they not be regarded as primitive planispheres, showing both the circumpolar stars and the equatorial 'moon-stations' corresponding to them? Such a view seems to be supported by the most recent researches. The tablets with 'planispheres' belong to the class now known as that to the 'Enuma (or Ea) Anu Enlil' series. The corpus contains some 7000 astrological omens, and the time of its formation was contemporary with the Shang period, i.e. from about -1400 to -1000. The planispheres consist of 'three roads', each marked with twelve stars, one for each of the months according to the time of their heliacal risings.

Those of the central road, the equatorial belt, were known as the Stars of Anu; those of the outer road were asterisms south of the equator (Stars of Ea), while the inner road was travelled by the northern and circumpolar asterisms (Stars of Enlil). After this time the planispheres are no more seen, but their place is taken by lists of stars, modified and much improved, on the tablets of the 'Mul-Apin' series (c. -700).¹ Thus eighteen star-gods were supposed to be always visible at one time.

¹ So called because one of the three lists begins with the 'star' (mul) Apin, i.e. a constellation composed of γ Andromedae and stars in Triangulum. The Chinese also recognised this group, as the 'Great general of the heavens' (Thien ta chaing-chün) ... he set heliacally in autumn, the season for punishments ...

70 FEBR 5 (36) 6 (37 = 78 - 41) 7 (118 - 80) 307

... the Palenque scribes repeated Creation again and described it as 'it was made visible, the image at Lying-down-Sky, the First-Three-Stone-Place'. Then we learned that five hundred and forty-two days later (1.9.2 in the Maya system), Hun-Nal-Ye 'entered or became the sky' (och ta chan). This 'entering' event occurred on February 5, 3112 BC ...

Ca4-1 (77) Ca4-2 Ca4-3
kua tupu te rakau kua tupu - te kihikihi te hau tea
CLOSE TO THE FULL MOON:
μ Aurigae, μ Leporis (77.6)  ĸ Leporis (78.0), RIGEL (Foot) = β Orionis (78.1), Flaming Star = IC405 (78.2), CAPELLA = α Aurigae (78.4), ο Columbae, τ Orionis (78.8)

*37.0 = *78.4 - *41.4

THUBAN (α Draconis)

λ Aurigae (79.0), λ Leporis (79.6), ρ Aurigae (79.7)

ARCTURUS (α Bootis)

... In view of the almost universal prevalence of the Pleiades year throughout the Polynesian area it is surprising to find that in the South Island and certain parts of the North Island of New Zealand and in the neighboring Chatham Islands, the year began with the new Moon after the yearly morning rising, not of the Pleiades, but of the star Rigel in Orion ...

June 6 (157 = 314 / 2) 7 (*78) 8
'May 10 (*50 = *77 - * 27) 11 12 (132 = 118 + 14)
"April 26 (*36 = *77 - *41) 27 28 (118)
APRIL 3 (*13 = *77 - *64) 4 5 (95 = 118 - 23)
CLOSE TO THE SUN:
Dec 6 (340 = 157 + 183) 7 (*261 = *78 + *183) 8
NODUS I = ζ Draconis (260.0), π Herculis (260.7), RAS ALGETHI = α Herculis (260.8) SARIN = δ Herculis (261.0), ο Ophiuchi (261.4)

*220.0 = *261.4 - *41.4

ALRISHA (α Piscium)

ξ Ophiuchi (262.2), θ Ophiuchi, ν Serpentis, ζ, ι Apodis (262.4), ι Arae (262.8), ρ Herculis (262.9)

*221.0 = *262.4 - *41.4

*Ca14-24 *Ca14-25 *Ca14-26 *Ca14-27 *Ca14-28 *Ca14-29 (392)
CLOSE TO THE FULL MOON:
11 (159 + 308 - 366) April 12 (286 - 184) 13 14 (104 = 20) 15 16 (392 - 366 + 80)
δ Phoenicis (21.5)

*79 + *308 - *366 = *21

υ Andromedae (22.9) ACHERNAR (End of the River) = α Eridani (23.3), χ Andromedae (23.6), τ Andromedae (23.9) ALSEIPH (Scimitar) = φ Persei (24.5), τ Ceti (24.7) no star listed (25)

ANA-NIA-10 (Pillar-to-fish by)

 χ Ceti (26.1), POLARIS = α Ursae Minoris, BATEN KAITOS (Belly of the Fish) = ζ Ceti (26.6), METALLAH = α Trianguli (26.9)
CLOSE TO THE SUN:
12 (342 + 308 - 365) Oct 13 (286) 14 15 (288 = 204) 16 17 (392 + 80 - 182)
HEZE = ζ Virginis (205.0), Southern Pinwheel Galaxy = M83 Hydrae (205.7) ε Centauri (206.3), κ Oct. (206.4) no star listed (207) τ Bootis (208.2), BENETNASH (Leader of the Daughters of the Bier) = η Ursae Majoris (208.5), ν Centauri (208.7), μ Centauri, υ Bootis (208.8) no star listed (209) MUPHRID (Solitary Star) = η Bootis (210.1), ζ Centauri (210.3)