TRANSLATIONS
A 'set of separate pages' in order
to investigat the meaning of hatu ngoio a taotao
ika:
The key word of
item 14 is (n)goio, a word we have not met before:
4
Okahu a uka ui hetuu. |
0 |
14
hatu
ngoio a taotao ika. |
10 |
24
ko ehu ko mahatua a piki rangi a hakakihikihi mahina |
20 |
Let us begin, however, with the more familiar. Ika (fish
or 'fish') at the end apparently is there in order to determine
more precisely the quality of taotao in this instance.
Îka
1. Fish. 2. In some cases, animal in
general: îka ariga koreh[v?]a, animal with the
face of a koreva fish (name given to horses when
they arrived on the island, because of the resemblance
of their heads with that of a koreva). 3. Victim
(wounded or killed), enemy who must be killed, person
cursed by a timo and destined to die; îka
reirei, vanquished enemy, who is kicked (rei).
4. Corpse of man fallen in war. Vanaga.
1. Fish, animal; ika rere,
flying fish; ivi ika, fishbone; mata ika,
pearl. P Pau., Mgv., Mq.: ika, fish. Ta.: ia,
id. 2. Prey, victim, sacrifice; ika ke avai mo,
abuse; hakarere ki te ika, to avenge. T Mgv.:
ikaiara, to quarrel; ikatamamea, to be angry
because another has handled one's property. Mq.: ika,
enemy, what causes horror. Ma.: ika, the first
person killed in a fight. Mangaia: ika, a victim
for sacrifice. 3? matamata ika, snow. Ikahi,
to fish with a line, to angle. Mq.: ikahi, id.
Ikakato, to go fishing. Ikakohau, to fish
with a line, to angle. Ikapotu, cape, end of a
voyage, destination; ikapotu hakarere, to abut,
to adjoin; topa te ikapotu, id.; tehe oho te
ikapotu, id.; mei nei tehe i oho mai ai inei te
ikapotu, as far as, to. Ikapuhi, to fish with
a torch. Mq.: ikapuhi, id. Churchill. |
Both ika and tao are labels for glyph types:
|
|
ika
|
tao
|
'rising
fish' |
'hot bun' |
Item 14 is 'halfway' to Rano Raraku and also the 1st item beyond
the 'bad day' (kino) for the Sun king, when I imagine his
'beastly apparel' was magically 'strangled' (here) by kaikai
strings, stopped in his fierce growing ('kai') because
his 'fire' would otherwise consume the whole island.
1
ko apina iti.ko rapa kura.he oho mai he |
12 |
12
vai poko aa raa mata turu |
13 ko
te hereke a kino ariki |
14
hatu
ngoio a taotao ika. |
15 |
28
ko tongariki
a henga eha tunu kioe hakaputiti.ai |
ka
haka punenenene henua mo opoopo o |
29 ko
te rano a raraku. |
The Inuit peoples, who live practically alongside the
Polynesians (because the ocean is no obstacle but an easy route
for travellers, as Heyerdahl has taught us), had quite similar
views regarding how Sun should be afraid of string games. The
following are relevant excerpts from Arctic Sky:
... string
games could be resumed after it was clear that the Sun
had managed to leave the horizon and was rapidly gaining
in altitude: 'Before the sun starts to leave the horizon
... when it shows only on the horizon, ... then string
games were no longer allowed as they might lacerate the
sun. Once the sun had started to go higher and could be
seen in its entirety, string games could be resumed, if
one so wished. So the restriction on playing string
games was only applicable during the period between the
sun's return and its rising fully above the horizon ...
... I knew
of two men who lived in another settlement on the
Noatak river. They did not believe in the spirit of
the string figures, but said they originated from two
stars, agguk, which are visible only when the sun
has returned after the winter night. One of these men
was inside a dance-house when a flood of mist poured in
... His two companions rapidly made and unmade the
figure 'Two Labrets', an action intended to drive away
the spirit of the string figures, uttering the usual
formula ... but the mist kept pouring in ...
...
Again, in a diary entry dated 18 December 1913 Jenness
notes the same Alak telling him that 'they never
played cat's cradles while two stars called agruk
were visible, just before the long days of summer...
They played other games then, like whizzer [a noise
maker] ...
...
Alak's comments indicate that, for the Noatak
area at least, the appearance of Aagjuuk, rather
than the Sun, signalled the end of the string-game
season. And the opinion ... that string figures came
from, and are therefore related to, Aagjuuk may
have given rise to the prohibition against playing them
after the solstice appearance of these stars. It is also
possible that the string game mentioned by Alak -
'Two Labrets' - rapidly made and unmade in an attempt to
drive off the 'string figure spirit', was intended to
symbolize Aagjuuk's two stars and so confound the
constellation with its own likeness or spirit.
...
Etalook refers to the 'aagruuk' as 'labrets'
(the circular lower-lip ornaments of some Western Arctic
Eskimo groups, certainly evoke an astral image if we
recall that early Inuit gaphic representations of
stars were usually circular ...) giving them, it seems,
an alternate name, ayaqhaagnailak, 'they prohibit
the playing of string games': They are the ones that
discourage playing a string game... That's what they're
called, ayaqhaagnailak, those two stars... When
the two stars come out where is no daylight, people are
advised not to play a string game then, but with hii,
hii, hii... toy noisemakers of wood or bone and
braided sinew... |
We should notice that the skin of Sun can be lacerated by
kaikai strings, which idea might explain hereke (in
item 13) -
translated as
'festering wound, cracked skin' by Barthel. Possibly the women
on Easter Island had to sing the right songs together with the
proper kaikai games at midsummer. Among the Inuit
Sun was female and Moon male, which probably explains why men
could play with string games.
12 indicates the cycle of Spring Sun, the 'beast'. Then comes
woman, man, and the gods:
In this version of cosmos a woman is at top center and the
turtle at the base is oriented horizontally. Instead of 3
'costumes' for Sun (spring, autumn, winter - in high summer he
is decapitated) Moon has 7 'attires'. Her necklace forms a double 'zero':
|
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puo |
vaha kai |
I
suggest the 'rising fish' in item 14 is Moon at the time of her 'birth',
i.e. when she has stopped the voracious spring 'beast' and taken charge of the
threatening situation (by using her invisible strings).
In the picture above she is born at left, where the woman is
standing, reaches her full moon phase at center (at winter
solstice), and during the season of the beast (spring) she
generates offspring. The multiple heads of the serpent
illustrates the season of plenty.
The double-oval necklace is a sign which is carried from the
woman at left and up to the time when Sun is reborn at the
beginning of spring. The world mountain in the background is
encircled by clouds.
|
Item 14 therefore
could denote the 1st period of 'Waxing Moon' in her voyage beyond
spring, in her cycle of 'stand-in' for absent Sun:
14
hatu
ngoio a taotao ika. |
15 |
28
ko tongariki
a henga eha tunu kioe hakaputiti.ai |
ka
haka punenenene henua mo opoopo o |
29 ko
te rano a raraku. |
She is growing in importance when daylight is waning. It can
also be imagined that she is carrying next year's Sun child to
be born in midwinter.
In her role as 'Waxing Moon' she must be a 'rising
fish'. She moves from west (from the North Cape) to east, as we
can recall (cfr at Tahana):
... The men on
board the royal canoe looked out from Varinga Te Toremo
(the northeastern cape of the Poike peninsula). Then they
saw the canoe of the queen, the canoe of Ava Rei Pua, as
it reached Papa Te Kena (on the northern shore, east of
Hanga Oteo).
Honga came
and gazed in the direction below (i.e., toward the west). He
called out to the noteworthy ruler (? ariki motongi)
Hotu: 'There is the canoe of the queen! It will be the first
one to land!' At this news
King
Hotu replied to Honga, 'Recite (rutu)
('powerful incantations') as though the ten brothers of the
chief (ariki maahu) were one whole (?).' The ten
recited with all their might. This is what they recited: 'Let
all movement (? konekone) cease!' They recited and sailed
on swiftly: Honga, Te Kena, Nuku Kehu,
Nga Vavai, Oti, Tive (corrected for 'Sive'),
Ngehu, Hatu, Tuki, and Pu (corrected
for 'Bu'). He worked mana in the fishing grounds
...
We should notice that Hatu was number 8 of the 10, and figure 8
is a double-oval sign.
|
Taotao ika,
with double tao, possibly indicates a negation in the same
way as kaikai evidently is related to the defeat of kai.
Taotaovere
means 'small red spots showing the approach of death':
Tao
1. To cook in an oven, to sacrifice. P Mgv., Mq., Ta.:
tao, to cook in an oven. 2. To carry away. 3. Abscess, bubo,
scrofula, boil, gangrene, ulcer, inflammation, sore. Mgv.: taotaovere,
small red spots showing the approach of death. Mq.: toopuku,
toopuu, boil, wart, tumor. Ta.: taapu, taapuu,
scrofula on neck and chin. 4. Mgv.: a lance, spear. Ta.: tao, id.
Sa.: tao, id. Ma.: tao, id. 5. Mgv.: taotaoama, a
fish. Sa.: taotaoama, id. 6. Ta.: taoa, property,
possessions. Ma.: taonga, property, treasure. Churchill.
Sa.: tao, to bake; taofono, taona'i,
to bake food the day before it is used; tau, the leaves used to
cover an oven. To.: tao, to cook food in a oven, to bake. Fu.:
taň, to put in an oven, to cook. Niuē:
tao, to bake. Uvea:
tao, to cook, to bake. Ma., Rapanui:
tao, to bake or cook in a
native oven, properly to steam, to boil with steam. Ta.: tao,
the rocks and leaves with which a pig is covered when cooking; baked,
boiled, cooked. Mq., Mgv., Mg., Tongareva: tao,
to bake in an oven ... The word refers to the specific manner of cookery
which involves the pit oven. The suggestion in the Maori, therefore,
does not mean a different method; it is but an attempt more precisely to
describe the kitchen method, a very tasty cookery, be it said. The
suggestion of boiling is found only in Tahiti, yet in his dictionary
Bishop Jaussen does not record it under the word bouillir;
boiling was little known to the Polynesians before the European
introduction of pottery and other fire-resisting utensils ... Churchill
2.
Kao-kao,
v. Haw., be red. Root and primary meaning obsolete in Haw. Sam.,
tao,
to bake. Marqu., tao,
bake, roast, sacrifice. Tah., tao,
baked, boiled, cooked. Greek, καιω,
Old Att. καω,
to light, kindle, burn, scorch. According to Liddell and Scott, Pott
refers καιω
to Sanskrit çush,
be dry, but Curtius rejects this. In Dravid. (Tamil)
kay,
to be hot, burn. Fornander. |
Maybe a double form refers to Moon (who is twofold).
14
hatu
ngoio a taotao ika. |
15 |
28
ko tongariki
a henga eha tunu kioe hakaputiti.ai |
ka
haka punenenene henua mo opoopo o |
29 ko
te rano a raraku. |
Barthel 2: "... The additional name 'fish are prepared in the
earth-oven' may be a euphemism for cannibalism."
Did they eat the spring sun? Having caught him in the net of kaikai strings, why not? December,
Ko Koró, is a
month of feasting. We should remember the disgusting feastings in
Europe once upon a time (cfr at pare):
... At
mid-summer, at the end of a half-year reign, Hercules is made
drunk with mead and led into the middle of a circle of twelve
stones arranged around an oak, in front of which stands an
altar-stone; the oak has been lopped until it is T-shaped. He is
bound to it with willow thongs in the 'five-fold bond' which
joins wrists, neck, and ankles together, beaten by his comrades
till he faints, then flayed, blinded, castrated, impaled with a
mistletoe stake, and finally hacked into joints on the
altar-stone. His blood is caught in a basin and used for
sprinkling the whole tribe to make them vigorous and fruitful.
The joints are roasted at twin fires of oak-loppings, kindled
with sacred fire preserved from a lightning-blasted oak or made
by twirling an alder- or cornel-wood fire-drill in an oak log.
The trunk is then uprooted and split into faggots which are
added to the flames. The twelve merry-men rush in a wild
figure-of-eight dance around the fires, singing ecstatically and
tearing at the flesh with their teeth ...
By the way, I just happened to notice that Parehe is the
name of one of those 3 mountain tops on which the Spaniards
marked their possession of the island in 1770.
"On the following day, 20
November 1770, Commander José Bustillo took formal possession of
Easter Island 'in the name of the King and of Spain, our Lord
and Master Don Carlos the third', renaming the island 'San
Carlos'.
Several hundred Rapanui - probably
members of the Koro 'o 'Orongo tribe of the eastern
'Otu 'Iti - observed the ceremony not far from Poike's
parasitic cones Parehe, Teatea, and Vai 'a Heva,
on the tops of which the Spaniards had planted three crosses.
Following three boisterous 'Viva el Rey!'
for each cross, the land party let off three
salvos of musketry, whereupon the two Spanish vessels San
Lorenzo and Santa Rosalia responded with 21 cannon
salutes.
Spain's foremost historian of
the Pacific, Francisco Mellén Blanco, has written of the event:
'The spectacle must have been awe-inspiring for the islanders.
The parade of uniformed soldiers; the fluttering flags; the
chaplains in their surplices chanting out the litany; the
beating of drums, and the trilling of fifes must have left a
lasting impression on all the natives who witnessed the
procession' ..." (Fischer)
This triplet of mountain cones in the northeast resemble the
triplet of islets in the southwest, and the Spaniards may have
thought it remarkable enough to use the similarity for their
ceremony.
My point is that once there was much in common between
Polynesians and Europeans.
|
Hatu means
'earth', but also 'to unite for a purpose', 'favourable outcome, 'in
control', and other seemingly quite disparate meanings:
Hatu
1. Clod of earth; cultivated land;
arable land (oone hatu). 2. Compact mass of
other substances: hatu matá, piece of
obsidian. 3. Figuratively: manava hatu, said
of persons who, in adversity, stay composed and in
control of their behaviour and feelings. 4. To
advise, to command. He hatu i te vanaga rivariva
ki te kio o poki ki ruga ki te opata, they gave
the refugees the good advice not to climb the
precipice; he hatu i te vanaga rakerake, to
give bad advice. 5. To collude, to unite for a
purpose, to concur. Mo hatu o te tia o te nua,
to agree on the price of a nua cape. 6.
Result, favourable outcome of an enterprise. He
ká i te umu mo te hatu o te aga, to light the
earth oven for the successful outcome of an
enterprise. Vanaga.
1. Haatu, hahatu,
mahatu. To fold, to double, to plait, to braid;
noho hatu, to sit crosslegged; hoe hatu,
clasp knife; hatuhatu, to deform. 2. To
recommend. Churchill.
In the Polynesian dialects proper,
we find Patu and Patu-patu, 'stone',
in New Zealand; Fatu in Tahiti and Marquesas
signifying 'Lord', 'Master', also 'Stone'; Haku
in the Hawaiian means 'Lord', 'Master', while with
the intensitive prefix Po it becomes
Pohaku, 'a stone'. Fornander. |
14
hatu
ngoio a taotao ika. |
15 |
28
ko tongariki
a henga eha tunu kioe hakaputiti.ai |
ka
haka punenenene henua mo opoopo o |
29 ko
te rano a raraku. |
With interest
we can read of lighting the earth oven for the successful
outcome of an enterprise: He ká i te umu mo te hatu o te
aga. I suppose the gods must be placated. Or that the
spirit of the dead spring 'moa' must return to the sky. Or
that the flames will magically induce also Moon to rise.
A
stone (hatu) does not move, it just sits there. Likewise
is someone sitting crosslegged (noho hatu)
securely anchoraged:
A standing person (tagata)
can illustrate the fully grown
'person', but not a 'newborn' one:
|
|
tagata |
Rongo |
To fold is to make 2 out
of 1.
Mahatu
we have met with as an
allusion:
24 ko ehu ko
mahatua
a piki rangi a
hakakihikihi mahina.
This 'fold' seems to
have the backside (tu'a)
as number 2, a fold
between the front side
and the back side of the
island.
But the 2 'faces' of
Moon also implies there
could be a fold
somewhere in the middle
of the northeastern
shore:
This map from Captain
Cook's visit to the
island in 1774 is
illuminating on several
points. The steep coast
north from where Cook
anchoraged leads up to
Cabo Norte and
from its 'fold' (between
waxing Sun and waxing
Moon, I would say) the
steep coast continues as
a broad line on the map,
but not beyond Hanga
Ohiro:
It suggests Hanga
Ohiro marks the end
of Waxing Moon, beyond
which the high coast
('land') does not
continue. 'Land' is
corresponding to the
waxing phase, first in
form of the voracious
'Spring Beast', then as
the milder Waxing Moon.
Further to the southeast
from the bay of
Anakena comes Waning
Moon, i.e. Anakena
lies at Full Moon.
Therefore, item 14
should have hatu
in its name. The high
coast in the
northwestern sector of
the island represents
'earth' ('ebb',
'summer').
|
Now only the key
word ngoio remains to consider:
14
hatu
ngoio a taotao ika. |
15 |
28
ko tongariki
a henga eha tunu kioe hakaputiti.ai |
ka
haka punenenene henua mo opoopo o |
29 ko
te rano a raraku. |
Presumably it
qualifies hatu in a way similar to how ika qualifies
taotao. If so, then ngoio should refer to some quality
of the newborn Moon. I have found only one reference in Churchill
regarding ngoio:
Goio
Mgv.: a black seabird. Mq.: koio,
noio, a bird. Ha.: noio, a small black
bird that lives on fish. Churchill. |
Certainly the new
moon is comparatively dark, and its crescent is small.
Birds should
characterize the 'path of growth' mapped by the steep northwestern
corner of the island up to the bay of Anakena. The image of a
small black bird is fitting for a station when Moon is yet only a
small baby.
Moreover, we
should remember there is a black fish on the other side of the
island, viz. Te Pe'i. It is located to the west of Vaihu,
in a position which could be said to correspond to that of the black
bird Ngoio:
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