|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aa1-37 |
Aa1-38 |
Aa1-39 |
Aa1-40 |
Aa1-41 |
Aa1-42 |
Aa1-43 |
e ia toa tauuru - ehu - e ia toa tauuru - ehu |
e ia toa tauuru - no te uru nuku |
e ia toa tauuru -e tauru papagete |
e ia toa tauuruuru raaraa |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
Aa1-44 |
Aa1-45 |
Aa1-46 |
Aa1-47 |
Aa1-48 |
e ia toa tauuru - i te fenua |
e ia toa tauuru - ma te hokohuki - e
ika no te tagata |
ma te tauuru
ki te ragi |
e tauuru no te henua |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
Metoro's
word for henua in Aa1-43 is 'raaraa'. I
cannot identify that word, but possibly he made a joke
(yoke) involving rara and Raá:
Rara
Mgv.: a branch of a tree. Ta.: rara, id. Mq.:
rara, small branches. Sa.: lala, id. Ma.: rara, id.
Churchill. |
Raá Sun; day; i te raá nei. today; raá îka, good day for
fishing. Vanaga.
1. Sun. 2. Day. 3. Time. 4. Name of sub-tribe. Fischer.
Te manu i te raá
= comet. Barthel.
1. The sun; raa ea mai,
raa puneki, sunrise;
raa tini,
raa toa, noon. P Mgv., Ta.:
ra, the sun. Mq.:
a, id. 2. Day, date;
a raa nei a, to-day, now;
raa i mua, day before. P
Mgv., Ta.: ra, a day. Mq.:
a, id. Churchill. |
Here we must note 'raa toa' for
'noon'. The signs of tôa in Aa1-26 and Aa1-30
suddenly takes on an additional meaning.
A yoke between
Raá and rara may have been there already
before Metoro was born:
"... The
chief thus makes his appearance at Lakeba from
the sea, as a stranger to the land. Disembarking at
the
capital village of Tubou, he is led first to the
chiefly house (vale levu) and next day to the
central ceremonial ground (raaraa) of the
island.
At both
stages of
this progression, the pretender is led along a path of
barkcloth by local chieftains of the land. In Lau,
this barkcloth is prescriptively a type considered
foreign by origin, Tongan barkcloth ..."
(Islands of History)
The 'path of
barkcloth' reminds us about the tapa (barkcloth)
in tapa mea.
To translate
Metoro's raaraa as 'the central ceremonial
ground' is reasonable, because at midnight we should be
at the Rapa Nui version of Ming Thang:
"... It is indeed 'the king standing in a
gateway' and Soothill (5), p. 62, makes the suggestion
that it refers to the emperor's station on the threshold
between one room of the Ming Thang [Bright
Palace, 'the mystical temple-dwelling which the emperor
was supposed to frequent, carrying out the rites
appropriate to the seasons'] and
another when an intercalary month intervened in the
normal cycle of his perambulation."
Caution must rule, however. There are
many words similar to rara and Raá in the
Rapanui and Tahitian languages.
The Stranger
King arrives from the sea, of course by canoe, and a
canoe we indeed find in the 1st (double) period after
midnight:
|
|
Aa1-44 |
Aa1-45 |
e ia toa tauuru - i te fenua |
5 |
The ship of Captain Cook was considered a
kind of floating island, i.e. henua:
"4 March 1779. The
British ships are again at Kaua'i, their last
days in the islands, some thirteen months since their
initial visit. A number of Hawaiian men come on board
and under the direction of their women, who remain
alongside in the canoes, the men deposit navel cords of
newborn children in cracks of the ships' decks
(Beaglehole 1967:1225).8)
8)
For an analogous behavior observed by the missionary
Fison on the Polynesian island of Rotuma, see
Frazer (1911, 1:184). Hawaiians are connected to
ancestors (auumakua), as well as to living
kinsmen and descendants, by several cords emanating from
various parts of the body but alike called piko,
'umbilical cord'. In this connection, Mrs. Pukui
discusses the incident at Kaua'i:
I have seen many old
people with small containers for the umbilical cords...
One grandmother took the cords of her four grandchildren
and dropped them into Alenuihaha channel. 'I want
my granddaughters to travel across the sea!' she told
me.
Mrs. Pukui
believes that the story of women hiding their babies'
pikos in Captain Cook's ship is probably true.
Cook was first thought
to be the god Lono, and his ship his 'floating
island'. What woman wouldn't want her baby's piko
there?" (Pukui et al. 1972, 1:184)"
(Islands of History)
The floating habitation of the sun god
may be what Aa1-45 illustrates. Interestingly the canoe
type of glyph is like a tapa mea without feather
signs.
Perhaps, therefore, tapa mea
should be interpreted as the canoe of the sun god as
it is delivers rays from above (and the canoe type of
glyph as the canoe of the sun when below the horizon).
Considering that henua also means
'uterus' and 'placenta' (henua o te poki),
Henua
Land, ground, country; te
tagata noho i ruga i te henua the people
living on the earth. Placenta: henua o te
poki. Vanaga.
1. Land, country, region;
henua tumu, native land. 2. Uterus. 3.
Pupuhi henua, volley. Churchill. |
Poki
Son, daughter; in wider sense: nephew, niece, child in
general. Poki atariki, eldest child, first-born; poki
hagupotu, youngest child; poki hâgai, adopted child. Vanaga.
Child, infant, nephew, grandchild, posterity, progeny,
race; topa te poki, to lie in; poki aana, legitimate;
poki gaapu, abortion; poki itiiti, child; poki puepue,
abortion; poki tamaahine, girl; poki tamaroa, boy; poki
titika, legitimate; poki tuahuri; abortion. Churchill. |
there may be a similarity between the
canoe of the sun and the Ark of Noah. The progeny is
transported safely across the deep waters, after which
the boat is stranded on a mountain top, letting all the
live stock spread across the newborn 'earth' (probably spring
/
a.m.).
"stock A. trunk, stem ... B.
supporting structure; frame of timber for punishment ...
C. hollow receptacle ... D. massive portion of an
instrument ... E. line of descent ... F. part of hose
... G. fund, store ... H. object of contemptuous
treatment ... I. stiff neckcloth ... " (English
Etymology)
The tree trunk is a symbol for the origin
of all the rest of the 'tree', a stiff store of life.
Maybe the
canoe of the sun (e.g. in Aa1-45) is built from reeds. Not only were the Easter
Islanders' pora constructed with reeds, but also
Moses arrived at the watery edge where reeds grew (as I
remember it).
(drawing by du Petit-Thouars according
to Heyerdahl)
The new day
does not begin at dawn but at midnight. But at midnight
the world is still in the 'water' and a boat is needed.
Pora
1. Buoy made of totora
reeds formerly used to swim to Motu nui.
2. Large basket for keeping things: he-to'o i
te pora kai kiroto ki te ana, he took a
basket of food to the cave. Vanaga.
Poraa (po 2 -
raa 2) day. Churchill. |
Once again a
yoke: pora - poraa (which should indicate that we
are on the right track).
That formerly they used pora to
swim to Motu Nui may also be a confirmatory sign,
because the three islets should be understood as the
beginning of the solar path.
Reeds are
hollow and live in or near the water. They are similar to
bamboos.
Kohe A plant (genus Filicinea) that grows on the
coast. Vanaga.
Vave kai kohe,
inaccessible. Churchill.
*Kofe is the name for bamboo on most Polynesian
islands, but today on Easter Island kohe is the name of a fern
that grows near the beach. Barthel 2. |
The kohe plant is located in the
fourth column of Barthel's table, i.e. it is useful as a
receptacle:
|
I (food) |
II (textiles) |
III (constructions) |
IV (receptacles) |
A |
uhi |
hauhau |
toromiro |
poporo |
B |
kumara |
mahute |
hiki kioe |
ipu ngutu |
C |
maika |
ngaatu |
naunau |
kohe |
D |
taro |
tavari |
harahara |
kavakava atua |
E |
ti |
uku koko |
pua nakonako |
tuere heu |
F |
kape |
riku |
nehenehe |
tureme |
G |
toa |
ngaoho |
hua taru |
matie |
According to my guess about the
structural similarity between the 7 days of the week and
this table, with kohe we arrive at Tuesday (the
day of Mars, the red planet who travels as in a canoe
across the sky).
Curiously the name of Tuesday is given as
po e rua by Churchill. But also we in the west
are confused as to where the week should begin, with
Sunday or with Monday. I guess the chief god was Sun in
some cultures and Moon in other; the chief should always be in
front.
I have also a faint memory about Noah
being a symbol for the moon, not the sun, because the
old man was
said to be limping (i.e. not walking as fast as he
should, thereby slowly being more and more late - like
the moon which rises later and later in the east for
every day).
But, probably, on Easter Island sun
should come first (male), and that is confirmed by the
week calendars in H and P which begin with Sunday.
Therefore po e rua should instead be interpreted
as the double 'day', the idea being that Mars has two
faces - one close up and one far away.
Bamboo shots are somewhat similar to the reed pora:
Furthermore, the ropes
around the pora remind us about the nodes on the
bamboo stems:
(both pictures from Internet)
"The twelve months of the tropical year (chhi,
a very meteorological conception) were divided into
twenty-four fortnights, of which twelve were 'chhi-centres'
(chung chhi) and twelve were 'chhi-nodes'
(chieh chhi - the analogy being with the nodes of
a bamboo)." (Needham 3)
In Babylonia
they told that Marduk had vanquished Tiamat
(the ocean) by cutting through her in the middle:
"Marduk,
die Frühsonne des Tages und des
Jahres, wurde eben wegen dieses seines Charakters der
Lichtbringer am Weltmorgen.
Marduk,
der die leblose, chaotische Nacht, die keine
Gestaltungen erkennen lässt, besiegt, der den Winter mit
seinem Wasserfluten, den Feind des Naturlebens,
überwindet, wurde der Schöpfer des Lebens und der
Bewegung, der Ordner des Regellosen, der Gestalter des
Unförmlichen am Weltmorgen."
"Die Sonne, die des Morgens das Weltmeer
durchschreitet und besiegt und das Licht bringt, lässt
aus dem Chaos der Nacht zuerst den Himmel, dann erst die
Erde hervortreten, spaltet das gestaltlose Reich der
Nacht in die zwei Hälften, den Himmel und die Erde."
I guess that
means we should consider the midnight division between
the 'days' as the slashing of Tiamat into two
halves (the cut being like a node dividing a 'chhi-centre').
Marduk
was the god not only of light but also of growth. Light
from the sun and growth are connected. Therefore it is
interesting to find that both bamboos and reeds are
characterized by strong growth:
"Established bamboo will
send up shoots that generally grow to
their full height in a single season,
making it the fastest growing woody
plant. Several subtropical bamboo
species can grow 30 cm (1 foot) per day,
with some species having been documented
as growing over 100 cm in one day ..."
(Internet)
(bamboo bonzai - picture from
Internet)
"It [the Common Reed] ... forms extensive
stands, up to a square kilometre or more (known as
reedbeds); where conditions are suitable, it can spread
at up to 5 m or more per year by horizontal 'runner'
stems, which put down roots at regular intervals. The
erect stems grow to 2–6 m tall, with the taller plants
growing in areas with hot summers and fertile growing
conditions. The leaves are broad for a grass, 20–50 cm
long and 2–3 cm broad. The flowers are produced in a
dense, dark purple panicle 20–50 cm long." (Internet)
I remember the sun reed boat like a 'fish', according to
Heyerdahl:
"The image is that of a reed boat with a whale's or sea
monster's head at the bow, and a skull-like mask at the
stern. At the top of the stern is a five-sided umu,
or Easter Island fireplace, and on deck is a
hare
paenga,
or lenticular reed house, with a square doorway on the
starboard side. On the same side, a wide channel
surrounded by a V-shaped groove leads down from the deck
aft."
The 'fish'
probably means the watery dark region of the 'night' and here the
'fish' is associated with reeds both in the boat and in the
boat-shaped house on top of the fish. The top of the
stern should
mean 'midnight' and
the house in front of the umu the night before
that.
The end of the fish is at 'midnight'.
Totora
reed mats were used to enwrap their precious
objects (such as rongorongo boards). Reeds were used
to preserve 'life' - as when mummies were enwrapped in
mats.
The Maya and
Aztec indians 20-day calendar had reed (Ben /
Aj respectively Acatl) as number 13.
|
Yucatec |
Quiché |
Aztec |
12 |
Eb |
E |
Malinalli
(grass) |
13 |
Ben |
Aj |
Acatl
(reed) |
14 |
Ix |
Ix |
Ocelotl
(jaguar) |
That grass
is
immediately preceding and jaguar (the big head-crushing
night cat) immediately following seems as it should be.
Furthermore,
the year 1 Reed we remember:
"... But what
is surprising indeed was the manner of Quetzalcoatl's
actual return. The priests and astrologers did not know
in what cycle he was to reappear; however, the name of
the year within the cycle had been predicted, of old, by
Quetzalcoatl himself. Its sign was 'One Reed' (Ce
Acatl), which, in the Mexican calendar, is a year
that occurs only once in every cycle of fifty-two. But
the year when Cortes arrived, with his company of
fair-faced companions and his standard, the cross, was
precisely the year 'One Reed'. The myth of the dead and
resurrected god had circumnavigated the globe."
(Campbell)
The three
remaining glyphs
Aa1-46--48
in the 2nd part of the night have a similar structure:
|
|
|
Aa1-46 |
Aa1-47 |
Aa1-48 |
e ia toa tauuru - ma te hokohuki - e
ika no te tagata |
ma te tauuru
ki te ragi |
e tauuru no te henua |
6 |
7 |
8 |
This structure
is somewhat like that in Aa1-39
but the 'appendix' starts from a lower point on tôa.
Furthermore, the angle of the 'elbow' is not so sharp as in Aa1-39.
In the three glyphs we may instead have an 'arm' more like that at
noon (in Aa1-24) connecting elbow and new sun:
I therefore guess that what is meant in Aa1-46-48 is
'birth'. Maybe the 'arm' is an 'umbilical cord' (pito):
"... Hawaiians are connected to ancestors (auumakua), as well as to living
kinsmen and descendants, by several cords emanating from
various parts of the body but alike called piko,
'umbilical cord' ..."
The tôa are then the ancestors and at the end of
the pito we find their progeny (poki).
The three poki could be 'pillar' (toko),
sky (ragi) and land (henua).
Toko
"The
higher-ranked of the two largest political units
on Rapa Nui was the Ko Tu'u Aro Ko Te
Mata Nui. This literally translates as The
Mast/Pillar/Post [standing] Before the Greater
Tribes.
Toko te rangi,
or Sky Propper, is named by Métraux in his
corrected Miru genealogy as the
thirteenth king of Easter Island and as one of
the lineages or subgroups of the Miru.
Although we have no record of the Sky Propper
legend on Rapa Nui, other Polynesian
legends of the Sky Propper are widely known, and
they are formative elements in the basic
cosmogenic theory of Polynesian beleif.
Sky (rangi) and Earth (papa)
lay in primal embrace, and in the cramped, dark
space between them procreated and gave birth to
the gods such as Tane, Rongo and
Tu. Just as children fought sleep in the
stifling darkness of a hare paenga, the
gods grew restless between their parents and
longed for light and air. The herculean
achievement of forcing Sky to separate from
Earth was variously performed by Tane in
New Zealand and the Society Islands, by
Tonofiti in the Marquesas and by Ru (Tu)
in Cook Islands.
After the sky was raised high
above the earth, props or poles were erected
between them and light entered, dispelling the
darkness and bringing renewed life. One detail
which is iconographically of interest is whether
the god responsible for separating Earth and Sky
did so by raising the Sky with his upraised arms
and hands, as in Tahiti and elsewhere, or with
his feet as in New Zealand.
The actual props, pillars or
posts which separated the sky and earth are
called toko in New Zealand, to'o
in the Marquesas Islands and pou in
Tahiti. In Rapanui tuu and pou are
known, with pou meaning column, pillar or
post of either stone or wood. Sometimes the word
is applied to a natural rock formation with
postlike qualities which serves as an
orientation point. The star Sirius is called
Te Pou in Rapanui and functions in
the same way.
One monolithic basalt statue is
called Pou Hakanononga, a somewhat
obscure and probably late name thought to mean
that the statue served to mark an offshore tuna
fishing site.
The Rapanui word
tokotoko means pole or staff. Sacred
ceremonial staves, such as the ua on
Rapa Nui, were called toko in
Polynesia.
Based upon the fact that toko
in New Zealand also means 'rays of light', it
has been suggested that the original props which
separated and held apart Sky and Earth were
conceived of as shafts of dawn sunlight.
In most Polynesian languages the
human and animate classifier is toko-,
suggesting a congruence of semantic and symbolic
meaning between anthropomorphic form and pole or
post. Tane as First Man and the
embodiment of sunlight thus becomes, in the form
of a carved human male figure, the probable
inspiration for the moai as sacred prop
between Sky and Earth.
The moai as Sky Propper
would have elevated Sky and held it separate
from Earth, balancing it only upon his sacred
head. This action allowed the light to enter the
world and made the land fertile.
Increasing the height of the
statues, as the Rapa Nui clearly did over
time, would symbolically increase the space
between Sky and Earth, ensuring increased
fertility and the greater production of food.
The proliferating image, consciously or
unconsciously, must have visually (and
reassuringly) filled the dangerously empty
horizon between sea and land, just as the trees
they were so inexorably felling once had."
(Van Tilburg)
Tokotoko,
stick, cane, crutches, axe helve, roller, pole,
staff. P Pau.:
tokotoko,
walking stick. Mgv.:
toko,
a pole, stilts, staff. Mq.:
tokotoko,
toótoó,
stick, cane, staff. Ta.:
too,
id. Churchill. |
Although I
have imagined that the such 'heads' as that at the end
of the 'appendix' of Aa1-46 was meant to signify the sun
(the 'head' being the sun disc), I am no longer of that
opinion.
Because in Aa1-22
and similar glyphs I have recognized instead the upper
part of the toko type of glyph (GD32):
The distance is short between Aa1-46 and those 'morning'
glyphs which are arriving later (along the 'circular' path of the
sun) and which describe the lifting up of the sky by way
of toko.
The birth of toko must happen before first the
sky and then the earth are illuminated:
"Die Sonne, die des
Morgens das Weltmeer durchschreitet und besiegt und das
Licht bringt, lässt aus dem Chaos der Nacht zuerst den
Himmel, dann erst die Erde hervortreten, spaltet das
gestaltlose Reich der Nacht in die zwei Hälften, den
Himmel und die Erde."
From this we
deduce that the raised hand (with thumb) in some way
must signify the earth:
The three fingers probably means 'light'. The thumb
perhaps is there to avoid misreading the sign as
'eating'. An open hand with three fingers and thumb
oriented outwards we saw in e.g. Aa1-30
the last glyph before the 'death' of the sun. Its opposite (the
sign oriented oppositely) should then mean 'birth'.
Yoking these two ideas, we arrive at theconclusion that
the 'open
three-fingered hand with thumb' means 'light'. It
is not the sun who 'dies' in Aa1-30, but the light from
the sun. It is not the sun who is 'born' in Aa1-48, but
the light from the sun.
Arguing further, the birth of toko and ragi
and light must take place in the dark (during the
night), because only after light has been born will
there be light. The moon shape usually seen in the
ragi type of glyph is therefore meant to signify the
night sky.
Contemplating what Metoro might have meant with
his words, we find no great mystery with the last two
glyphs:
|
|
Aa1-47 |
Aa1-48 |
ma te tauuru
ki te ragi |
e tauuru no te henua |
7 |
8 |
But Aa1-46 is
more difficult:
|
Aa1-46 |
e ia toa tauuru - ma te hokohuki - e
ika no te tagata |
6 |
We have here
two problems to try to solve:
1. The word hokohuki - what does it mean?
2. And ika no te tagata - what does he mean by
that?
These two
unkonwns (like x and y) are difficult to come to grips
with based on one statement only. We need more
statements. And we have indeed more statements as
regards hokohuki, because that word was used by
Metoro also during the day:
|
|
Aa1-23 |
Aa1-29 |
e
hokohuki |
ma te
hokohuki |
4 |
7 |
Metoro
used the word hokohuki also during the day and
hokohuki then was used in place of tapa mea.
The tentative ideas about what hokohuki meant
there, based on the meaning of the words huki and
hoko:
Huki 1. Pole attached to the poop from which the fishing-net is
suspended: huki kupega. 2. Digging stick. 3. To set
vertically, to stand (vt.). 4. Huki á te mahina, said of
the new moon when both its horns have become visible. Vanaga.
1. To post up, to publish. 2. To cut the throat (uki).
Mq.: Small sticks which close up the ridge of a house. Ha.: hui,
the small uniting sticks in a thatched house.
Churchill.
Standing upright. Barthel.
M. Spit for roasting. Te Huki =
constellation. Makemson. |
Hoko
1. To jump; to rock
or swing in rhythm with the chants in
festivals, as was the ancient custom; an ancient
dance. 2. Number prefix: "in a group of...": hokotahi,
alone; hokorua, in a group of two (also
companion, e hakarere te kai mo toou hokorua,
leave some food for my companion); hakatoru,
in a group of three, etc.; hokohía, in a
group of how many? Hokohía ana oho koe ki te
rano? With how many people will you go to
the volcano? Vanaga.
1. To traffic, to trade, to
buy, to ransom (hoò); hoòa te kaiga,
to buy land. 2. To sport, to play. Churchill.
Move the body to and fro with
the rythm of a song. Barthel. |
was that 'the
fundamental part of hokohuki is huki, some
kind of vertical post it seems'. As to hoko we
might now guess at 'companion' as a reasonable
translation here, i.e. 'in a group of' - a 'number
prefix'.
Hokohuki would then be something like 'yet another'
(tapa mea respectively tôa).
It seems as if hoko is a number
prefix for 'persons', but then 'small sticks which close up
the ridge' (huki) should be regarded as
'persons'. This idea we have meat earlier: "The tree trunk is a symbol for the origin
of all the rest of the 'tree', a stiff store of life."
The ancestors are like trees and their progeny (poki)
like small sticks.
There may be a type of yokes which we
haven't observed before, poki becomes piko
if we invert the two syllables. Progeny are associated
with umbilical cords.
We should from now on watch for these
inversions when trying to understand the meanings of the
Rapanui words.
We can now understand why toko has
a head:
Being a kind of wooden post it must be
like a person.
Metoro's words ma te hokohuki - e
ika no te tagata may perhaps therefore be interpreted as
'with a companion stick - a fish person', where 'fish'
signifies that we are in the night.
But in spite of being in the night we notice the signal: 6
(for sun) in Aa1-46 (because that glyph is located in
the 6th of the 8 night periods). Metoro seems to
have been sensitive to what 'companion' ought to mean:
In the female night (the moon) the companion must be
male (the sun).
As a confirmation we find the signals 4 and 7 (for moon
/ earth) in Aa1-23 and Aa1-29 (because these glyphs are
located in the 4th and 7th day periods).
Van Tilburg has written about a kind of forked stick
'persons' in Mangareva:
"For the best-documented esoteric meaning
of the Y-shape we must look to Mangareva, where 'forked
stick' wands and 'stick man' effigies called eketea
were used in mortuary, fertility and initiation rituals
conducted by priests (taura) at which rogorogo
and wood craftsmen participated.
These interesting objects were highly
abstract depictions of the human form which had legs and
feet indicated and carved decorative bands around the
midpoint. One example has oval 'eyes' carved on each of
the two parallel parts forming the upright forks.
In Mangaia, the forms of the 'forked
sticks' erected on marae during the initiation of
the Temporal Lord are not known. It is very clear
however, that erecting these 'forked sticks' represented
the visible commitment of the individual district chiefs
to act as toko (prop or support) to the Temporal
Lord as he undertook his duties."
The Y-shapes in tôa could have a
similar meaning: To support a 'roof' (lord above) the
shape of Y is a natural choice for the sticks - the
'beam' above will be secured.
Eke To
climb, to mount, to mount (a female for copulating), to surface (of
fish), and by extension, to bite; he eke te kahi the tuna bites.
Vanaga.
Trestle, stilt; to mount a horse, to go aboard.
Hakaeke, to cause to mount, to carry on a boat. P Pau.: fakaeke,
to transport, to carry, to hang up. Mgv.: eke, to embark, to
mount upon an elevation. Mq.: eke, to rise, to go aboard;
hakaeke, to heap up, to put upon, to raise. Ta.: ee, to
mount, to go aboard; faaee, to hang up, to transport by water.
Churchill. |
The word
eketea clearly could be split up into eke -
tea. Then we have: 'climb aboard' / 'transport
(by boat) in the water' / 'mount the fish to the
surface' - to bring up the light.