TRANSLATIONS

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We are not yet finished with the black 4th quarter according to the Mayan calandar. There is a question mark at the 18th and last of the regular (i.e. ordered as if by a king - rex) months, Cumhu:

16 Pax 17 Kayab 18 Cumhu 19 Vayeb
virgin full moon breaking the nut ? Macaw (Janus)

The glyph obviously has a top and a bottom part. The bottom part is the well-known glyph for maize, or to be more precize: the glyph of the 4th day, Kan. Maybe, I think, the 4th quarter and the 4th day coincide on purpose.

18 Cumhu
"... the ... superfix which causes Cumhu to grow out of Kan ... occurs with just three other glyphs: ... the cross; ... firewood; 333 [see below]." (Gates)

Once again we see 3 'stones' (stars), in Cumhu with small dots connecting them. The superfix in which they occur has with fire to do, I guess. Firewood is one of the 4 glyph types with this superfix. The cross can be explained as the crossing over from one year to the next. Glyph number 333, says Gates, "... is found in the same position on all four Madrid New Year pages, with the Cumhu superfix ..."

Kelley gives us no help in identifying the patron of Cumhu: "... the forms for Mol and Cumku are so variable as to suggest that several different deities may sometimes have presided over those months, none clearly identifiable." He offers two more monument pictures, though:

In the presumed 'cognate' Aa1-14 I have earlier guessed marai has some connection with marae:

Aa1-13 Aa1-14 Aa1-15
kua tuu marai i tona ohoga - ki te ariki

By my 'free' translation marai should mean mara-î = full of (the mother of all) cultivated fields:

Mara

To start rotting, going bad (e.g. a lobster, a fish). See also mamara. Vanaga.

Mgv.: mara, open land, cultivated field. Mq.: mara, maa, land under tilth. Ta.: amara, the first stone of a marae, etc. Sa.: mala, a new plantation. Ma.: mara, land under tilth. Churchill.

Sa.: malae, the town green. Nukuoro: malae, a cleared space, an open place, a plantation. To.: malae, a gree, a grass plot ... Ha.: malae, smooth (as a plain) ... Ma.: marae, an inclosed place in front of a house. Ta.: marae, the sacred place of worship ... Vi.: mara, a burying place ... In note 261 I have advanced the opinion that malae is in form a conditional derivative of lae. This holds of the signification found in Nuclear Polynesia. The secondary sense which the Tongafiti carried to eastern Polynesia has obscured the lae element; but the sacrosanct content of the marae in the four-godded theology of eastern Polynesia is after all but a logical outgrowth of the Nuclear Polynesian malae as the civic center of social life where god is sole, surpreme - and Lucretian ... Churchill 2.

From this I venture where Kelley does not (though I am using his text):

"Occasionally in Maya texts we have references to 'earth-center', in a cosmological and directional sense. In the Chumayel (R. Roys 1933, Maya text p. 32, translation p. 100) a directional series is given, omitting the red ceiba tree of the east and replacing it by a green ceiba 'in the center (of the world)'.

In 1889, Seler had pointed out what seemed to be a series of five directions in which the cab 'earth' glyph appeared, with the associated color yax 'green'. He suggested a meaning of 'center, vertical, up or down'. This seems entirely valid.

In the Dresden and, more rarely, in the Madrid, the cab glyph is found followed by T663 [unfortunately not shown in the book of Kelley].

Knozorov (1967, no. 155, p. 92) read T663 as tan 'middle', apparently without cosmic implications. However, tan would normally be prefixed to cab rather than suffixed. Thompson (1950, p. 271) read the glyph as pakal 'seed', partly because of a frequent agricultural context, partly because of the association with the cab 'earth' glyph, and partly because of agricultural associations of some associated glyphs.

However, the combination appears in no less than three of the picture sections of the Dresden eclipse table, and its other associations seem to me more cosmological than agricultural. I think that the associated 'agricultural' glyphs are found because of their grammatical meanings rather than their agricultural connotations, and the agricultural context, when valid, probably refers to ceremonial or divinatory associations.

The Maya term which Roys translates 'in the center' is tu chumuc. The Evreinov, Kosarev, and Ustinov catalog (1961b, III, 153-155, no. 175) shows that the cab-T663 combination appears with ti 'at' prefixed, with the locative read by Thompson as yol 'in' prefixed, and with tu prefixed in the form without crosshatching.

The tu prefix with crosshatching appears with T663, without cab. This latter use would seem to correspond fully with the cited tu chumuc.

Without either a demonstrated homonymic use or known cognates in other Mayan languages, a suggestion that T663 should be read chumuc must be very tentative but, I think, is preferable to either pakal or tan."

I guess cumhu (cumku) is a word closely associated with chumuc, both in form and meaning - being the pito of the world. The world revolves around food and what is fruitful. The new world (ceiba) is green (yax):

... Now do I see / the Earth anew / Rise all green / from the waves again ... / Then fields unsowed / bear ripened fruit / All ills grow better ...

16 Pax 17 Kayab 18 Cumhu 19 Vayeb
virgin full moon breaking the nut the navel Macaw (Janus)