A few preliminary
remarks and imaginations:
1. Poporo was used for tattooing and we may
presumably, therefore, sometimes read
this type of glyph as 'black'.
The plant is - according to bishop Jaussen's
documentation of what Metoro Tau'a Ure told him
- a species of the family
of plants named Solanum. Barthel suggested the species to be Solanum nigrum. As
nigrum means black, the glyph perhaps signified 'black'.
Poporo was used for obtaining colour for tattooing. There are though several different
variants of glyphs showing this
plant, and possibly not all of these imply colour for tattooing.
Every gift from nature was taken care of to the utmost.
"Solanum nigrum (Black Nightshade, Duscle, Garden
Nightshade, Hound's Berry, Petty Morel, Small-fruited
black nightshade, Sunberry, or Wonderberry) is a species
in the Solanum genus, native to Eurasia and also
introduced in the Americas. In Hawaii it is called
popolo. The green berries
and mature leaves contain glycoalkaloids and are
poisonous to eat raw. Their toxicity varies and there
are some strains which have edible berries when fully
ripe. The plant has a long history of medicinal usage,
dating back to ancient Greece. In India, the berries are
casually grown and eaten; but not cultivated for
commercial use. In Tamil, the berries are called
sundakai
Black nightshade is a fairly common
plant, found in many wooded areas, as well as disturbed
habitats. It has a height of 30-120 cm (12-48"), leaves
4-7.5 cm (1 1/2-3") long; ovate to heart-shaped, with
wavy or large-toothed edges. The flowers have petals
greenish to whitish, recurved when aged and surround
prominent bright yellow anthers. The fruits are oval
black berries in small hanging clusters.
(Wikipedia) |
|
2. Barthel informs
us that the Maori singers in New Zealand, where the breadfruit did not
grow, 'translated' kuru (= breadfruit) in the old songs - from the
times when their forefathers lived in a warmer climate - into
poporo.
He points out that
in the Marquesas they counted the fruits from the breadfruit trees in
fours, perhaps thereby explaining the four 'berries' in this type of
glyph.
The breadfruit did not grow on Easter Island but the berries of
Solanum nigrum were eaten in times of famine.
Barthel compares with the word koporo on
Mangareva. The poor crop of breadfruits at the end of the harvest season
was called mei-koporo, where mei stood for breadfruit. On
other islands breadfruit was called kuru, except in the Marquesas
which also used the word mei. Koporo was a species of
nightshade.
"Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
is a tree and fruit native to the Malay Peninsula and
western Pacific islands. It has also been widely planted
in tropical regions elsewhere. It was collected and
distributed by Lieutenant William Bligh as one of the
botanical samples collected by HMS Bounty in the
late 18th century, on a quest for cheap, high-energy
food sources for British slaves in the West Indies ...
According to an
etiological Hawaiian myth, the breadfruit originated
from the sacrifice of the war god Kū. After
deciding to live secretly among mortals as a farmer,
Ku married and had children. He and his family lived
happily until a famine seized their island. When he
could no longer bear to watch his children suffer, Ku
told his wife that he could deliver them from
starvation, but to do so he would have to leave them.
Reluctantly, she agreed, and at her word, Ku
descended into the ground right where he had stood until
only the top of his head was visible. His family waited
around the spot he had last been day and night, watering
it with their tears until suddenly a small green shoot
appeared where Ku had stood. Quickly, the shoot
grew into a tall and leafy tree that was laden with
heavy breadfruits that Ku's family and neighbors
gratefully ate, joyfully saved from starvation ...
(Wikipedia) |
|
The two plants in focus are here
introduced, poporo and
kuru. From the top of the
head of Ku a small green
kuru shoot appeared. I
remember that headhunters
developed a disease named
kuru.
"... Upon the
death of an individual, the
maternal kin were responsible
for the dismemberment of the
corpse. The women would remove
the arms and feet, strip the
limbs of muscle, remove the
brain and cut open the chest in
order to remove internal organs.
Shirley Lindenbaum, one of the
early kuru researchers,
states that kuru victims
were highly regarded as sources
of food, because the layer of
fat on victims who died quickly
resembled pork. Women also were
known to feed morsels - such as
human brain and various parts of
organs - to their children and
the elderly (Lindenbaum, 1979).
It is currently
believed that kuru was
transmitted among the South Fore
through participation in such
cannibalism, although
opportunistic infection through
wounds when removing infectious
tissue from the corpse can be
assumed to be another cause, as
not all cases can be explained
by ingestion of infectious
tissue. Though the Fore would
not eat those who had apparently
died of disease, and so did not
so easily catch other diseases
via cannibalism, they believed
that kuru was a mental
affliction caused by a curse
rather than a physical disease.
The kuru
epidemic reached its height in
the 1960s. Between 1957 and
1968, over 1100 of the South
Fore died from kuru. The
vast majority of victims among
the South Fore were women. In
fact, eight times more women
than men contracted the disease.
It later affected small children
and the elderly at a high rate
as well ... The disease all but
disappeared with the termination
of cannibalism in New Guinea
..." (Wikipedia)
Sinking down, feet first, until
only the 'inverted bowl' of the
top of the head was left visible we
recognize from Ogotemmêli:
'... But in the fullness of time
an obscure instinct led the
eldest of them towards the
anthill which had been occupied
by the Nummo. He wore on his
head a head-dress and to protect
him from the sun, the wooden
bowl he used for his food. He
put his two feet into the
opening of the anthill, that is
of the earth's womb, and sank in
slowly as if for a parturition
a tergo.
The whole of him thus entered
into the earth, and his head
itself disappeared. But he left
on the ground, as evidence of
his passage into that world, the
bowl which had caught on the
edges of the opening. All that
remained on the anthill was the
round wooden bowl, still bearing
traces of the food and the
finger-prints of its vanished
owner, symbol of his body and of
his human nature, as, in the
animal world, is the skin which
a reptile has shed.
Liberated from his earthly
condition, the ancestor was
taken in charge by the
regenerating Pair. The male
Nummo led him into the depths of
the earth, where, in the waters
of the womb of his partner he
curled himself up like a foetus
and shrank to germinal form, and
acquired the quality of water,
the seed of God and the essence
of the two Spirits ...'
In the Tahitian language ulu
means the skull and uru
breadfruit:
Ta.: uru, the
human skull. Mq.:
uu, the head.
Sa.: ulu, id.
Moriori: ulu,
id. |
Pau.: kuru,
breadfruit. Mgv.:
kuru, id. Ta.:
uru, id. Sa.:
'ulu, id. Ha.:
ulu, id.
Churchill. |
We should remember
Mokuola whose life was saved
by the death of his father
Ulu, the head of whom was
buried close to a spring of
running water:
"When the man, Ulu,
returned to his wife from his
visit to the temple at Puueo,
he said, 'I have heard the voice
of the noble Mo'o, and he
has told me that tonight, as
soon as darkness draws over the
sea and the fires of the volcano
goddess, Pele, light the
clouds over the crater of
Mount Kilauea, the
black cloth will cover my head.
And when the breath has gone
from my body and my spirit has
departed to the realms of the
dead, you are to bury my head
carefully near our spring of
running water. Plant my heart
and entrails near the door of
the house. My feet, legs, and
arms, hide in the same manner.
Then lie down upon the couch
where the two of us have reposed
so often, listen carefully
throughout the night, and do not
go forth before the sun has
reddened the morning sky. If, in
the silence of the night, you
should hear noises as of falling
leaves and flowers, and
afterward as of heavy fruit
dropping to the ground, you will
know that my prayer has been
granted: the life of our little
boy will be saved.' And having
said that, Ulu fell on
his face and died.
His wife sang a dirge of lament,
but did precisely as she was
told, and in the morning she
found her house surrounded by a
perfect thicket of vegetation.
'Before the door,' we are told
in Thomas Thrum's rendition of
the legend, 'on the very spot
where she had buried her
husband's heart, there grew a
stately tree covered over with
broad, green leaves dripping
with dew and shining in the
early sunlight, while on the
grass lay the ripe, round fruit,
where it had fallen from the
branches above. And this tree
she called Ulu
(breadfruit) in honor of her
husband.
The little spring was concealed
by a succulent growth of strange
plants, bearing gigantic leaves
and pendant clusters of long
yellow fruit, which she named
bananas. The intervening space
was filled with a luxuriant
growth of slender stems and
twining vines, of which she
called the former sugar-cane and
the latter yams; while all
around the house were growing
little shrubs and esculent
roots, to each one of which she
gave an appropriate name. Then
summoning her little boy, she
bade him gather the breadfruit
and bananas, and, reserving the
largest and best for the gods,
roasted the remainder in the hot
coals, telling him that in the
future this should be his food.
With the first mouthful, health
returned to the body of the
child, and from that time he
grew in strength and stature
until he attained to the fulness
of perfect manhood. He became a
mighty warrior in those days,
and was known throughout all the
island, so that when he died,
his name, Mokuola, was
given to the islet in the bay of
Hilo where his bones were
buried; by which name it is
called even to the present
time." (Campbell)
Unqestionably there is a close
link in thought between a
breadfruit and the human head.
The breadfruit
tree grew up before the door,
not where the head of Ulu
was buried. From the head - it
seems - bananas grew. In between
were sugar-cane and yams:
head |
banana |
limbs (?) |
sugarcane & yams |
heart & intestines |
breadfruit |
We note with
satisfaction that Metoro's
words uhi (tapa mea)
and toa (tauuru)
agree with yams and sugarcane -
the limbs of Ulu,
presumably, corresponding to the
'limbs' of the solar cycles. The
head gives nourishment to the
banana (probably moon), while
heart and intestines nourish the
breadfruit, which returns with
'heads' to complete the cycle.
Could, possibly,
the top part of the head - still
visible after the rest has
disappeared under ground - be
the 'banana' (sunlit part of the
moon)?