A Maori saying: he
iti toki, e rite ana ki te tangata
= though the adze be small, yet does
it equal a man. (Starzecka) |
Rite
Hakarite, color, species, class,
mode, equality, condition, manner,
proportion, sort, figure; even,
regular; to align, to assimilate, to
simulate, to compare, to be equal,
to imitate; tae hakarite,
unequal, unfair, inequality,
irregular; hakarite koe,
unequal, unfair, incomparable;
hakarite ke, difference,
diversity, unequal, singular,
variety, extraordinary, fantastic;
e tahi hakarite, thus, so,
as, as much, as many, equal,
uniform, to resemble, to look like;
ariga hakarite, to look like;
niho hakarite, regular teeth.
Hakaritega, comparison,
agreement, parallel, likeness,
similitude. T Ma.: rite,
like. Ha.: like, id. Raro.:
arite, alike, resembling.
Churchill. |
|
|
|
|
|
Ga1-30 |
Ga2-1 |
Ga2-2 |
Ga2-3 |
Ga2-4 |
Furud
(94.9) |
Well-22 |
no star listed (96) |
β Monocerotis, ν Gemini (97.0) |
no star listed (98) |
δ Columbae
(95.2),
TEJAT
POSTERIOR,
Mirzam (95.4), CANOPUS (95.6), ε Monocerotis (95.7), ψ1
Aurigae (95.9) |
June 23 |
ST JOHN'S
EVE |
25 |
26 (177) |
27 |
ºJune 19 |
20 (*91) |
SOLSTICE |
22 |
23 |
'May 27 |
28 (*68) |
29 |
30 (*70) |
31 |
'Vaitu Potu 27 |
28 (148) |
29 |
30 (150) |
31 |
"May 13 |
14 (*54) |
15
(*55) |
16 (136) |
17 |
Purva
Ashadha-20 |
Kaus
Borealis (279.3) |
ν Pavonis
(280.4), κ Cor. Austr. (280.9) |
Abhijit-22 |
KAUS
MEDIUS, κ Lyrae (277.5), Tung Hae (277.7) |
KAUS
AUSTRALIS (278.3), ξ Pavonis (278.4), Al Athfar
(278.6) |
θ Cor.
Austr. (281.0),
VEGA (281.8) |
December 23
(357) |
CHRISTMAS
EVE |
25 |
26 (360) |
27 |
ºDec 19
(*273) |
20 |
SOLSTICE |
22 |
23 (357) |
'Novembe 26
(*250) |
27 |
28 |
29 |
30 (*254) |
'Ko Ruti 26 |
27 |
28 |
29 (333) |
30 |
"Novembe 12
(*236) |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 (320) |
Toki
Small basalt axe. Vanaga.
Stone adze. Van Tilburg.
Ha'amoe ra'a toki =
'Put the adze to sleep' (i.e. hide it in the
temple during the night). Barthel.
Month of the ancient
Rapanui calendar. Fedorova according to
Fischer.
To'i. T. Stone adze
(e to'i purepure = with the
wounderful adze). Henry.
The Araukan Indians in the
coastal area of northern Chile, have customs
similar to those on the Marquesas and in
both areas toki means adze according
to José Imbelloni. The Araukans also called
their chief of war toki and the
ceremonial adze symbolized his function and
was exhibited at the outbreak of war. In
Polynesia Toki was the name of a
chief elevated by the Gods and his sign was
the blade of a toki. Fraser.
Axe, stone hatchet, stone
tool ...; maea toki, hard slates,
black, red, and gray, used for axes T. P
Pau.: toki, to strike, the edge of
tools, an iron hatchet. Mgv.: toki,
an adze. Mq.: toki, axe, hatchet.
Ta.: toi, axe. Churchill. |
The
pan-Polynesian elbow adze, with its variety
of tanged and rectangular stone blades, is
the cornerstone of Polynesian culture and
yet the most controversial of the culture
traits. H. O. Beyer was the first to note in
1948 that tanged and rectangular adz blades
similar to those of Polynesia were known in
very early archaeological periods in the
northern Philippines, but nowhere else in
Indonesia. He shows, however, that these
tanged adz types were used in that area
between 1750 and 1250 B.C. The problem again
arises as to how they could have reached
Polynesia. R. Duff in various lectures has
extended this distribution back to
continental Southeast Asia, but this brings
us no nearer to Polynesia.
Tanged adzes
are unknown throughout Melanesia, where the
blade cross section is even uniformly
cylindrical. Heine-Geldern, looking in vain
for a local passage, admits that the tanged
and rectangular adz could not have passed
that way because of 'the radical difference
in Polynesian and Melanesian blade forms'.
Buck, likewise looking in vain for a
passage, concluded that the Polynesian adz
forms could not have passed the Micronesian
way for the simple reason that no stone
existed on those atolls, thus the
Micronesians were obliged to make their
cutting tools from shell. He pointed out
that the Polynesian adz forms could not have
derived from Southeast Asia at all since the
lack of raw material in the 4,000-mile-wide
Micronesian area created a vast gap, forcing
the Polynesians to invent their own adz
forms independently upon reaching their
volcanic islands in the East Pacific.
We have seen
... however, that there is another and fully
feasible sea route from Southeast Asia to
Polynesia, the only one found possible by
early European sailing ships. This route
entirely avoids the Micronesian-Melanesian
buffer territory and travels from the
Philippine Sea with the Japan Current and
westerly winds to the island-studded coast
of Nortwest America, where all the elements
turn around and bear directly down upon
Hawaii. Once we substitute this northern
island area for Mirconesia or Melanesia as
roadside stations for Asiatic voyagers to
the East Pacific, we immediately find
steppingstones also for the tanged
rectangular adz: it was the principal tool
of the local Nortwest-Coast Indians right up
to the arrival of Europeans. Captain Cook
was the first to point out that the people
of the Northwest American Coast used adzes
similar to those of Tahiti and other
Polynesian islands, and Captain Dixon, after
Cook, noted that the adz of these coastal
Indians 'was a toe made of jasper,
the same as those used by the New
Zealanders'. Captain A. Jacobsen stressed:
'Also the adz-handle and the method of
securing the blade to the wooden handle are
exactly the same among the Polynesian people
as among the Northwest Indians.
Twentieth-century anthropologists have
confirmed these early observations. W. H.
Holmes emphasized that the tanged
rectangular adzes of the Northwest Coast
Indians resemble the adzes of the Pacific
islands more closely than they do the
corresponding tools of other American
tribes, and R. L. Olson wrote in his study
of the Northwest Coast elbow-adz: 'Its
occurence in Polynesia in a form almost
indentical with the elbow adz of America
suggests a hoary age and extra-American
origin'. It is accordingly possible that the
tanged, rectangular adz, belonging only to a
very early period in Asia and the northern
Philippines, spread to Polynesia during a
much later period, following the natural sea
passage by way of Northwest America. (Thor
Heyerdahl, Early Man and the Ocean.) |
|