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TRANSLATIONS
Fornander: "... the chant describes the country as having 'the land within and the sun outside' - Iloko [earlier said to be iloku - my mistake] ka moku, iwaho [earlier i waho] ka la which is a peculiarly Hawaiian expression, and, though not much used at present, may have been more prevalent in olden times, indicating that the land was to the eastward of the voyager. One may hear to this day among the native population such geographical terms as 'Kohala-iloko, Hamakua-iloko', expressing Easter Kohala on Hawaii and Eastern Kamakua on Maui, in distinction from 'Kohala i waho', Western Kohala, &tc ..." Sun is in the east - 'outside' - and moon is in the west - 'inside'. They can meet only in the north and the west. There can be only two places for 'ghosts'. Te Piringa Aniwa and Roto Iri Are are located 6 stations apart, as if to indicate the 6 months between summer solstice respectively winter solstice:
The table shows the life cycle of the sun. Definite article (te, nga) accompanies the 8 first names (beyond Te Pito O Te Kainga), later on sun is absent (far away out on the sea, in Hiva). In the text of G we find Te Piringa Aniva at the beginning, located 29.5 days from Ga1-1:
In K, however, tagata at Ka2-9 is no 'ghost'. In K Te Piringa Aniva cannot be here. I have reconstructed the number of glyphs in the first line (Ka1) as *24, and position 29.5 should be at Ka2-5--6. The glyphs are parallel and seem to indicate the same calendar in somewhat different designs. Are there no kuhane stations illustrated in K or should the counting begin somewhere else than from Ka1-1? Or maybe the text of K incorporates only such kuhane stations which are at multiples of 59. Or maybe the text of K has Te Piringa Aniva close to its end - that would be the logical location because it is the last station of the 1st sun cycle. But from the table below we can see that 97 + 95 = 192 glyphs (= days) cannot stretch so far as to the 7th kuhane station:
7 * 29.5 = 236 and if the counting starts with Ka1-1 there is room for only 6 stations (6 * 29.5 = 177). 192 - 177 = 15 (ca half a station). In G the 13th station (Roto Iri Are) comes at the end of the 2nd sun cycle. We should therefore expect the 7th to arrive at the end of the 1st sun cycle, but it doesn't - it comes at the beginning of the 1st sun sycle. Which I have tried to explain by referring to kuhane moving withershins on side a. Another explanation - we now can see - is that the solstices should be 6 months apart. Comparing with how Barthel has coordinated the kuhane stations we can observe Te Piringa Aniva at the end of the year rather than at its beginning (as G seems to say) and Roto Iri Are at the end of the 1st quarter rather than at the end of the year (as G seems to say):
Maybe, though, Te Piringa Aniva in G is at winter solstice before the calendar year will begin. Barthel would then be correct with locating Te Piringa Aniva at the end of the calendrical year. But Roto Iri Are must be moved a quarter forward. Applying the G pattern on the text of K would result in Te Piringa Aniva being at Ka2-5--6, but obviously it is not so. K describes only the 1st cycle of the sun, when he is present. With 384 days as the sum of the two cycles, 192 will be the 1st cycle. Yet Hatinga Te Kohe occupies position 354, the limit of the rule of the sun. Half that is 6 * 29.5 = 177. Therefore the last 192 - 177 = 15 days (glyphs) of K should have signs of 'ghosts'. Although the last glyph line (Kb5) is 'ghostly' indeed, it could be the result of damages:
Of 20 glyphs in line Kb5 only 9 seem to be intact, leaving 11 as more or less destroyed or intentionally designed as 'ghosts'. Kb5-302 could be designed as a 'ghost'. Its ordinal number from Ka1-1 is *185. I cannot see any obvious pattern in the ordinal numbers counted from Ka1-1, but I have redmarked 4-19 and *5-13 because their numbers are suitable for marking sun cardinal points. 19 is the death number (beyond 18) and 4 is the 'quadrangular earth'. 5 is 'fire' and 13 is its death - *Kb5-13 could have been designed exactly as it looks. Neither the glyphs immediately before nor after are damaged. Also *Kb5-1 appears to have been intentionally left without any trace. Its ordinal number (*173) does suggest an allusion to 73 (as in 365 / 5) meaning outside the pure sun cycle (360). It may be the pito at the end of the 1st cycle (in which case 20 of those 30 between 354 and 384 may come here). *172 is definitely designed without head, as a 'ghost', and the inverted (and spreading out) henua ora says the new 2nd sun cycle is around the corner. 172 / 4 = 43, a not very inspiring number. Applying structural logic, and dismissing 29.5 as a moon number, a suitable sun number could be 26.5. 6.5 * 26.5 = 172.25 could be a numerical explanation of the missing glyph at position Kb5-1. There should be a point where a leap has to be done. 383.5 = 13 * 29.5 is the location of the 2nd jump. 7 * 26.5 = 185.5 indicates Kb5-302. 6 * 26.5 = 159 (interestingly equal to 100 + two kuhane stations):
The viri at Kb4-6 (with 4 * 6 = 24) identifies a cardinal point for the sun. 10 * 16 = 16 says the measure of the sun (10) is full (16) at Kb4-7 (with 4 * 7 = 28 as in the ordinal number for the period). Then follows dark days (Kb4-8). Returning to the beginning of the text in K, we should accept the evidence above - there are no kuhane stations at multiples of 29.5, but there are sun stations at multiples of 26.5. In Ka2-2 a 'ghostly' henua is found, but also *Ka1-23 is a 'ghost'. There could be two measures for the sun (24 and 26.5):
Another explanation is number 43. Adding *23 to *192 we get *215 = 5 * 43. We must reevaluate 43 (it was also involved in 4 * 43 = 172 earlier above). To complicate matters even more, moon is marked by viri at Ka2-5, while in the parallel Ga1-26 sun has been given a viri. And there are half-ghost henua glyphs in Ga1-27--28:
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