KU, v. Haw., to rise up, stand, let go, let fall, hit, strike against, resist; ku-e, to oppose, resist; ku-i, to pound, beat, knock; ku'-u, let go, loosen, put down; ku-ku, to strike, beat, stand up, be high, excel; ku-a, to strike horizontally, to cut down, as trees, to fell, throw away.

N. Zeal., tu, stand; tuki, beat, knock; tuku, allow, permit. Sam., tu, stand up, arise, to take place, come to pass; s. a custom, habit; tu-i, to thump, beat, pound; s. a blow with the fist, a curse; tu'ia, to strike, as the foot against a stone; tu'i-fao, a blacksmith (mod.), lit. a pounder of nails; tu'u, to place, appoint, permit, let go, set free, cut down, desist. Tah., tu, stand erect, to fit, agree; tu-a, to cut, to rest or wait; tu-e, to impel, strike with the foot, hit against; tu'e-tu'e, to oppose; tu-i, to butt, strike, smite; tutu, to strike, beat; tu'u, let go, dismiss, yield.

Fiji, tu, to stand; tuki, beat, knock; tuku, let go, slack up:

Sunda, tutut, loose, slack.

The same dialectical variations in form and sense obtain through all the Polynesian groups. Two original conceptions seem to have attatched themselves to the Polynesian root-word ku, tu, viz., (1.) 'To rise, stand, be prominent'; (2.) 'To strike, put down, let go.' The West Aryan relatives of this Polynesian ku, tu, appear to have confined themselves to the second conception of the word, 'to strike, put down, let go', although the probably oldest of these forms, the Vedic tu, bears the general sense 'to be powerful'. To mention but a few of these Aryan correlatives, we find -

Sanskr., tu (Ved.), be powerful, to increase, to hurt; tuy and tunj, to strike, push, abide, give or take; tud, to strike, sting; tund, be active; tup, tump, tumbh, to hurt, kill; khud (Ved.), kshud, to push, to pound. Lat., cudo, strike, beat, sting; incus, an anvil; tundo (tutudi), to beat, strike, pound; tussis, a cough; tueor, guard, watch, keep; tutus, safe; tuber, tumor, tumulus; stupeo, be stunned, benumbed. Greek, τυπος, a blow; τυπτω, έτυπτον, to beat, strike; τυλη, τυλος, a knot or callus, a lump, hump, knob, a cushion; τυλυγμα, a wheal, swelling: Liddell and Scott refer this latter to Sanskrit tu.

Goth., stautan, to strike, smite. Germ., stossen. Dutch, stooten. Benfey (Sanskr.-Engl. Dict.) s. v. Tud, considers that the Gothic has retained an original s, which the Sanskrit and the other dialects have lost. With all due deference to so great authority, yet, if Professor Max Müller is correct, that the oldest forms of Aryan speech consisted of open syllables of one consonant and one vowel, or of one vowel, and judging from the analogy of the Polynesian, I should look upon all prefixes and suffixes to a simple root or stem as of later growth, and hence that the s in question, like the s in stupeo, indicates a later period than that when tu or tup were used to express the sense of striking, beating, stunning.

Anc. Slav., kuti or kowati, a smith. Lith., kujis, a hammer; kauti, to fight.

To this Vedic and Polynesian root, tu, 'to be powerful, increase, rise up', refers itself, doubtless, a word expressing family relation throughout Polynesia, but which in its simple form has become almost obsolete, except in Fiji. In the Polynesian groups proper it always occurs in composites, sometimes with the other family designation, kai, prefixed, sometimes with the intensive prefix ma, sometimes without either. That word is -

KUA, s. Haw., obsol. Fiji., tuka, grandfather; tua, word used by children to their grandparents; tuaka, an elder brother or an elder sister. Sam., tua'a. N .Zeal., tuaka-na. Tah., tu-a'ana. Haw., kai-kua'ana. Marqu., tuakana, id.

Sam., tuangane, a woman's brother. Haw., kai-kunane, id. Tah., tuaane, id. Marqu., tuanane, id. Sam., Tong., tuafafine. Haw., kai-ku-wahine. N. Zeal., Tah., tuahine; Marqu., tuehine, the sister of a man,

Sam., Tong., N. Zeal., Haw., ma-tua, ma-kua, a parent. Rarot., Tah., metua, id. Mangar., ma-tua, id. It also signifies full-grown, old, elderly. In Tah., oro-ma-tua means ancestor.

In Sam., ulu-ma-tua means the first-born, while tua simply means the child next to the eldest.

In the Indian Archipelago this word meets us under analogous circumstances. Sula Islands, tua, husband. Malay., tuan, tuhan, master, lord. Pulo-Nias, ira matua, husband. Kei Islands, ebtuan, old. Malg., tump, tumpu, master, the top of a thing; tupun, id., chief of an expedition; tu-vuan, seed, increase; tuku-tan, a hill, rising ground.

Sanskr., toka, offspring, child. Ved., tuch, offspring. Greek, τοκας, she who has just brought forth, a mother; τοκος, birth, offspring, child. Liddell and Scott refer these words to τικτω, after Curtius, to one of three roots, τεκ, τυκ, τιχ, each one equivalent to the Sanskrit ţaksh, to prepare, form. Under correction again, it does appear to me that if the Greek τικτω and its derivatives and variants refer themselves to the Sanskrit ţaksh, certainly the Vedic tuch does not descend to the same origin, but, on the contrary, allies itself with a better reason to the Zend tuchm, germ, seed, the Sanskit toka, the Greek τοκας, the Polynesian tuka, whose common root would be the Vedic and Polynesian tu, prevalere, crescere, erigere.

I am well aware of the frequent and often inexplicable permutation of vowels, not seldom leading to false analogy, in words descending from the same root, but, at the risk of making false analogy myself, I believe that, in the majority of cases, the Sanskrit nouns in o have their roots in u, and hence the Sanskrit toka may, with perfect propriety and almost absolute certainty, be referred direct and primarily to tu. In Tahitian alone among the Polynesian dialects, so far as I know, this word, derived from tu, has retained a sense which brings it into close relation with some of the West Aryan tongues. In Tahitian, tua, s. means also 'a company of people, a flock, a heard'. Its Indo-European correlatives will be found in -

Irish, tuath, tuad, people. Welsh, tut, people, nation. Umbr., tota, oscau, touto, precinct of a town, primarily people or tribe (A. Pictet). Lett. tauta, people, country. Goth., thiuda; A.-Sax., theod, people. For my remarks on the relation of the Polynesian word atua, god, spirit, supernatural being, to ku vel tu and tua, see my work, 'Polynesian Race', &c, vol. ii. p. 365."